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The thesis examines patterns of inclusion and exclusion in the provision of welfare to outsiders, in this case the largest foreign minority in London throughout most of the nineteenth century. Economic mibrration is a recurring theme history, contemporary resonance. An analysis of the welfare relationships between host community and immigrant minority offers insights into the concepts of natlorlallty citizenship and belonging in a period of growing nationalism in Europe. The study also touches on the role of immigrant organizations in minority assimilation, and segregation. Major sources for the study were the records produced by both statutory and voluntary relief agencies in their day-to-day work, much of it from the recently deposited and not yet systematically exploited archive of the German Lutheran church of S1. Georg in London's East End, as well as records from central and selected East End local poor law authorities. The study balanced an investigation of the agencies supplying relief with a focus on individual actors. For both benefactors and recipients of relief a wide range of sources of nominal data were combed to construct partial biographical narratives of selected individuals which illuminated their experience of giving and receiving relief. The thesis demonstrates that the development of an ethnically segregated alternative welfare system for the German minority in London was linked to the emergence of a strong nationalist movement in the immigrants' country of origin and the concomitant redefinition of the minority as a group of expatriates rather than settlers. British state and society also began to interpret foreign nationality as an obstacle to belonging (llld participation roughly the same time as Germans increasingly exclluded themselves from British society.

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The analytical examination of mass circulation newspapers is used to draw conclusions about the papers themselves - their development, readership, distribution, and relations with their readers - and also about the lives and attitudes of those readers as revealed in newspaper content. Reynolds's Newspaper and Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper were the two most important mass circulation popular papers of this period, both with recognisable roots in earlier traditions of the radical workingclass press. Readership and distribution patterns offer some explanation of their relative patterns of success and stagnation. In Reynolds's, both readers - among skilled artisans of the 'older' trades with ,a section of unskilled readers in the armed forces - and distribution - provincially based and hence open to competition from the rising provincial radical press - was, like circulation, relatively stable and static over the thirty year period. Lloyd's readership - a more general cross-section, with pretensions to shopkeeping and a considerable female element, was broader, and its distribution more general, although with a considerable emphasis on London. The papers in general present a microcosm of lower class life which sUPPlements,contradict1or reaffirms views about such a culture at this period. Patterns of leisure and of consumption revealed in particular through advertising demonstrate the beginnings of an era of relative affluence for the upper levels of the working class. Self help and voluntaryism were important - even, for instance, in education, where the 1870 Education Act appeared less of a 'landmark' in working class eyes than it has to subsequent commentators. The papers also indicate the broader preoccupations of their readers. The 1870's was, in many ways, a crucial decade. It was at this time that working class interest shifted, on the international scene,from the traditional concern with 'nations struggling to be free', to a narrower more self-interested view of foreign affairs. And political events both abroad and at home were dominated, in Reynolds's above all, by an out-dated rhetoric which analysed society in terms of its preindustrial structure and which formed the political counterpart of the papers' commercially motivated sensationalism .