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Thesis examines the spread of socialist ideas and the growth of the socialist movement in Wales in the period 1880-1914. It pays particular attention to the way in which socialists related to Welsh national identity, and analyses the processes through which the universalist ideals of socialism were related to the particular and local conditions of Wales. It examines the interplay between Wales and the wider world that occurred through the medium of the socialist movement, and balances this against the internal dynamic and organic growth of socialism within Wales itself. Having surveyed and commented upon existing British and Welsh labour historiography, the thesis opens with a discussion of the first „modern‟ socialists to undertake propaganda in Wales in the 1880s. It then examines the way in which socialist societies began to put down roots in the 1890s, through case studies of the Fabian Society in Cardiff and the Social Democratic Federation in south Wales. The central part of the thesis is concerned with the rise of the most important of the socialist organisations, the Independent Labour Party. Attention is given to the way in which the ILP used the south Wales coal strike of 1898 to gain its ascendancy in Welsh socialist politics, and the nature of the political culture that was created by the party in south Wales. The remainder of the thesis discusses the nature of socialist growth beyond south Wales, and pays particular attention to indigenous Welsh forms of socialism. The thesis concludes with an examination of the rapid growth of the socialist movement in Wales after 1906, and the consequent debate that occurred about the relationship of socialism, Welsh nationalism and the Welsh language.

Un ystyr galanas oedd 'lladdedigaeth'. Ar ol Haddedigaeth bodolai cyflwr o elyniaeth, sef galanas, rhwng cenhedloedd y Iladdwr a'r Iladdedig. I ddod A'r elyniaeth i ben roedd yn rhaid dial neu dalu iawndal. Cyfatebai'r t5l hwn a'r gwerth ar fywyd dyn, a elwid yn alanas hefyd. Telid. sarlwed ar y cyd A galanas. Niwed i anrhydedd rhywun a'r iawndal am y fath niwed oedd sarhaed. Mae'r traethawd hwn yn trafod dau gysyniad cysylltiedig ac amrywiaeth o bynciau sy'n ymwneud a hwy. Trafodir braint (statws) aelodau'r gymdeithas a adjewyrchwyd gan werth eu galanas a'u sarhaed. Yr oedd y genedl (y 'kin') yn chwarae rol hanfodol mewn cymdeithas a chan fod. ei haelodau yn talu am alanas gyda'r Iladdwr, ac yn ei derbyn gyda'r Haddedig, rhaid, ei thrafod. Yr oedd y dull o weithredu galanas yn bwysig. Erbyn y drydedd ganrif ar ddeg, roedd y gyfundrefn oedd a'i gwreiddiau mewn dial wedi datblygu'n system Hawn dyfeisiau er mwyn tynnu'r ddwy blaid at ei gilydd mewn cymod. Yr oedd oedi a phwyllo yn ganolog. Mae taliadau galanas yn faterion cymhleth yr ymdrinnir a hwy yn fanwl. Trafodir, yn ogystal, gwahanol fathau o ladd. Lladd mewn Ilid oedd y Iladdedigaeth arferol ond roedd achosion mwy difrifol hefyd, fel Iladdedigaethau cudd. Mae'r cyfreithiau yn trafod sawl gwahanol fath o ladd gan gynnwys achosi braw a marw o ganlyniad i esgeulustod coediwr. Yr oedd angen rhyw elfen o fwriad neu esgeulustod er mwyn i genedl y Iladdedig fedru hawlio galanas; ni thelid galanas am weithred hollol ddamweiniol. Fodd bynnag, yr oedd angen bwriad, ae nid esgeulustod yn unig, er mwyn medru hawlio sarhaed. Y mae cyfraith galanas a sarhaed yn datgelu Ilawer ynglgn a chymdeithas yr Oesoedd Canol yng Nghymru a'r delfrydau a rwymodd ddynion at ei gilydd.

The overarching purpose of the thesis is to explore the interaction between the geological structure of the South Wales coalfield and the development of nineteenth century coalfield society. Through a detailed study of a single event, the 1893 Hauliers' Strike, and the use of modern 3D mapping and visualization techniques, the thesis aims to explore how the geology and landscape of South Wales influenced not just the geographical extent and nature o f the coal industry but also the experiences and responses of the human society which grew up around that industry. Although Welsh historians have been aware of the implications of the coalfield's geology for the economic conditions under which the industry operated they have paid less detailed attention to its implications for unity and co-operation amongst the workforce. The emergence of modern mapping techniques, more specifically Geographic Information Systems (GIS), allows testing for the presence of divisive geological influences on human action at a particular point in time. This thesis argues that the strike of 1893 and indeed the history of the coalfield generally cannot be fully understood unless geology is considered. It also argues that GIS offers a powerful way of reimagining past events and landscapes which enhance the historical research process. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first considers the challenges and potential benefits for historical research of the adoption of geological insights and GIS visualisation techniques. The second section will provide a detailed study of the 1893 Hauliers' Strike. Chapters in this section include: an overview of the strike and its historiography; an exploration of the traditional explanations of the strike; evidence for geology as a divisive force acting on the workers' behaviour; and the role of the landscape in the promotion and maintenance of the strike.