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In this thesis I analyse the travels of D. Pedro V, King of Portugal (1837-1861) from the prism of a 19th century visual culture. His travel diaries mirror the inseparability of image and word in a century that was so eager to fill the encyclopaedia entries with visual examples. Before acceding to the throne, the young prince undertook two Grand Tours in Europe. The first one, in 1854, found him in England most of the time, while his second tour, in 1855, had France and the Exposition Universelle, held in Paris, as its major destiny. This event well illustrates what his interests were: the sight of objects from all over the world was made possible; contemporary ideas of instruction through amusement, progress and civilisation were experienced; technologies of display from other institutions were employed; an all-encompassing visual experience, in a reduced space and in a limited amount of time was provided - while also needing the written word to make sense of the visible. All these aspects are intrinsic to the journeys of a prince who had instruction as his main objective. However, even if inscribed in the traditional educational aims of the Grand Tour model, these travels have many different ways of achieving them. D. Pedro is mostly interested in the urban centres of those countries where the future was already visible. Be it through industrial and engineering developments or railways, be it in the many public spaces of exhibition created by the 19th century to classify and display the world. If collections are a major part of his travelling programme, collecting is the word that better describes its aims: collecting sights and knowledge; collecting the journeys through writing them; and collecting by acquiring natural history specimens for his museum. Abroad was to be taken Home.

The Gosuini de Expugnatione Salaciae Carmen (the Carmen) is a Latin text whose unique exemplar is found in a codex dating to the latter half of the thirteenth century belonging to the library of the Portuguese Cistercian monastery of Alcobaça. A versified work in elegiac couplets, the Carmen recounts the Portuguese conquest, in combination with Northern European crusaders en route by sea to the Holy Land, of a strategically vital Muslim fortress during the formative years of the autonomous kingdom of Portugal; namely the capture of Alcácer do Sal in 1217. In contemplating the circumstances of production of this important text, this dissertation undertakes an examination of the interface between the Crusades and the Portuguese Reconquista and in so doing considers similar events highlighted in the historiography, the conquests of Lisbon in 1147 and of Silves in 1189. Since it is argued herein that the hitherto unknown author of the Carmen is Goswin de Bossut, a monk of the Cistercian house of Villers in Brabant who flourished as cantor of that eminent abbey in the 1230s, and since evidence for the involvement of the Cistercians in the Portuguese Reconquista is otherwise strong, there is an exploration of the origins of the Order in Portugal along with a reassessment of the possible involvement of Bernard of Clairvaux in the planning of Afonso I Henriques’ Lisbon campaign. The likely commissioner of the Carmen was Bishop of Lisbon, Soeiro Viegas, one of the leaders of the Alcácer enterprise. Accordingly there is due exposition of the career and possible motivations of Bishop Soeiro along with an investigation into the plausibility of his protagonism in a wider policy, underway after 1147, to attract Northern European crusaders to the fight on the Portuguese-Andalusi frontier. In examining the person of Goswin of Bossut, the postulated author, evidence gleaned from his known works, namely three vitae and one musical office, is combined with a consideration of those individuals, some more well-known than others, likely to have come within his circle of colleagues and acquaintances. From a nexus of connection mingling Cistercian ideology with a sometimes convoluted network of religious operating in the Southern Low Countries and in Portugal, emerges the proposition that Goswin’s literary canon should now be extended not only to include the Carmen but also a small number of other important works whose authorship has until now remained a mystery. Finally the Appendix contains a full edition of the text of the Carmen along with, for the first time, an English translation of the work.

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Denrées peu visibles dans les circulations marchandes qui sont amorcées dans le vaste espace atlantique dès le XVe siècle, les fruits sont des produits fragiles et mouvants. Les agrumes, les ananas et les bananes sont appréciés des Européens pour leurs vertus gustatives, et lors du « virage atlantique » de l’empire portugais (v. 1550-v. 1650) les circulations de ces fruits sont plus intenses. En s’attachant aux objets – et plus particulièrement des objets qui se transforment constamment – et aux séries de significations qui leur sont attribués quand ils sont échangés et qu’ils circulent, l’approche globale est nécessairement multisituée. Toute tentative d’homogénéisation du phénomène n’en donne qu’une lecture partiale et partielle. L'approche gustative permet de retracer ces multiples facettes des circulations : le goût, comme un univers de correspondances entre les choses et les sensibilités, est d'une part une raison qui explique la circulation précoce des fruits tropicaux dans l'Atlantique. D'autre part c'est un critère à travers lequel les Européens identifient les fruits nouveaux et se les approprient. / As hidden commodities in the circulations that have emerged in the Atlantic world since the fifteenth century, fruits are fragile and unstable products. Citrus fruits, pineapples and bananas are estimated by the Europeans for their gustative virtues, and during the “Atlantic wave” of the Portuguese empire (1550-1650) the circulations of these fruits are more intense. We intend to examine the multiple series of significations given to these mutant objects as they are transported in the Atlantic. Indeed, when they are transported across the different climatic zones that define the Atlantic world, the taste of these fruits changes inevitably. Furthermore, the encounters between the Europeans and the multiple societies of the Atlantic bring to light more uses and more tastes of these fruits. At the endmultiple societies met by the Europeans give multiple pieces of knowledge about these new flavours. So the global approach of fruits has inevitably to be multisituated. Any attempt of homogenization of the phenomenon gives only a partial reading. The gustative approach allows to redraw these multiple facets of circulations.