Using extensive primary sources, the thesis examines the direction, changes and ramifications of Tsarist-Bolshevik policy towards the Armenian question in the Ottoman Empire from 1912-20. As background to the main theme of the thesis, the 19th century emergence of the Armenian question is discussed in the introduction. It also examines the conflicting political aims of Britain and Russia towards Turkish Armenia in the course of the widespread Armenian massacres of 1894-96. Chapter two (1908-14) analyses the Young Turk ideology of 'Ottomanism' and the slogan of 'equality and brotherhood' within the faltering Ottoman Empire. It is argued that by using such methods, the Young Turk government tried to disguise its actual chauvinistic ideology in an attempt to fend off ethnic nationalist tendencies. The Armenian Reform question and the reasons for Russia's instigation of a Kurdish revolt are also discussed in detail. In chapter three (1914-16) there is a discussion about Russian strategic and military interests in eastern Turkey and the question of the acquisition of Constantinople and the Straits. The wholesale deportation and massacres of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk government is examined in depth. Russian political aims towards Turkish Armenia after the latter had been conquered by Russia during the course of the war are discussed. Chapter four examines pre-war Pan-Turanian ideology, its origins and impact on Turkish policy. The intense literary and political propaganda for the unification of all the Turkic people in a single Turanian Empire guided by the Young Turk government receives special attention. The favourable response of the Ottoman War Council towards this union; the military operations to fulfil the objective following the Bolshevik revolution of 1917; and the attempts of the Western powers to use Armenia as a means to forestall this union, are fully discussed. The last chapter (1917-20) analyses Russian Provisional Government and then Soviet Government policy towards the Ottoman Empire and the Armenian question. The leading political events in Transcaucasia from the Russian revolution to the sovietisation of the Republic of Armenia, in November 1920, are analysed in some depth. The collaboration between Soviet Russia and Kemalist Turkey against the Republic of Armenia sheds considerable light on Armenian history.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des sanctuaires antiques arméniens depuis la période hellénistique jusqu'à la période chrétienne, qui marque le changement de religion et l’abandon progressif des temples païens. Ce travail est basé sur l’étude des sources historiques et sur les données de fouilles archéologiques. Il s’agit de savoir où se trouvaient les temples païens en Grande Arménie. En corollaire, différentes interrogations sont venues progressivement s’ajouter à cette première question. Il fallait, une fois ces temples identifiés, les étudier en les classant par catégorie et par type afin de comprendre leur statut dans la société païenne. Enfin, leur disparition pose la question de leur destinée et engage à étudier plus généralement la destruction des sites païens lors de la christianisation de l’Arménie. / This thesis deals with the study of ancient Armenian sanctuaries from the Hellenistic to the Christian period, which marks the change of religion and the gradual abandonment of pagan temples. This work is based on the study of historical sources and data from archaeological excavations. The question is knowing where the pagan temples stood in Great Armenia. As a corollary, various questions have gradually been added to this first one. Once these temples had been identified, they have to be studied by classifying them by category and type in order to understand their status in the pagan society. Finally, their disappearance raises the question of their destiny and commits to study more generally the destruction of the pagan sites during the Christianization of Armenia.

Cette thèse se propose d'analyser les événements internes à l'Empire ottoman envers les Arméniens de 1894 jusqu'en 1914 aux yeux de l'opinion publique française à travers les sources journalistiques françaises. De 1894, début des massacres des Arméniens jusqu'à la prise de pouvoir des Jeunes-Turcs (1908), comment les années d'Abdul-Hamid II envers la population arménienne furent-ils perçus et quelle fut la vision du gouvernement unioniste (1908-1914) face aux Arméniens ? Voilà un aperçu des principales problématiques qui sera abordé à travers notre étude. / This thesis aims to analyze the internal events in the Ottoman Empire against Armenians from 1894 until 1914 in the eyes of the French public through the French journalists' sources. 1894 start of the massacres of Armenians to the takeover of the Young Turks (1908), how the years of Abdul Hamid II to the Armenian population were they received and what was the vision of the Union government (1908 -1914) against the Armenians? This is an overview of the main issues that will be addressed through the study.