This thesis is concerned with the relationship between one of the most important of the 'independent' Pakhtun tribes of the North-West Frontier and the British-Indian government during its century of administration of this strategically sensitive region. The study is based mainly on previously unconsulted records in the India Office Library and Records, London, and in archives in Pakistan. Additional material has been obtained through interviews with tribesmen, and with past and present frontier officials. Following the Introduction, the thesis is divided into four parts Part I surveys the most important aspects of tribal social organisation. Particular attention is given to those features of the Afridi economy, value-system and political structure which influenced or were influenced by the tribe's relationship with external government. The analysis, although based largely on historical material, includes a critical examination of relevant anthropological theory. Part II examines the strategic considerations underlying British policy on the North-West Frontier and government efforts to establish a satisfactory system of tribal 'management'. There is a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of such measures as the patient of tribal allowances and attempts to work through the traditional tribal leadership. Part III considers the impact of demographic growth, the opening up of new sources of income, and the development of new means of communication on Afridi society. In the long run such changes contributed to political tensions within the tribe, and generated new forms of conflict between tribe and government. Part IV looks at the main areas of conflict between the Afridis and the British administration, including such matters as tribal raiding. There is an analytical case- study of the tribal rising of 1897. Considerable attention is also given to the evolution of Afridi politics in the 20th century, under the influence of such factors as Afghan policy and Indian nationalism.

The aim of this study is to examine the trade and commercial activities in Tihamah and South Yemen during the Rasulid period (630-858/1231-1454). The study comprises twelve chapters. Chapter One is an introduction discussing the main sources of the study. Chapter Two is concerned with the Ayyubid conquest of the Yemen and the principal motives for their conquest. Chapter Three contains a discussion of the origins and rise of the Rasulid dynasty and sheds light on the Rasulids' relations with the Ayyubids and how the Rasulids succeeded in gaining control of the Yemen. Chapter Four discusses some political aspects of the Rasulid state. Chapter Five is concerned with the various agricultural products of the Yemen. Chapter Six is concerned with the various industrial activities of the Yemen.Chapter Seven contains a discussion of the state's efforts to promote commerce and trade. Chapter Eight contains a description of the principal products forming the major part of the commercial activities of the Yemen. Chapter Nine is concerned with the trade routes both overland and by sea. Chapter Ten contains a discussion of the domestic and international commercial activities of the Yemen. Chapter Eleven is concerned with the various trading tax schemes operative in the Rasulid state. Chapter Twelve discusses the Rasulid coinage and examines the quality and periodicity of issues by the state.

This thesis is an overall attempt to examine man and his environment in Bahrain after the First World War and to define, if possible, his strengths and weaknesses, his failures and successes in meeting the demands of modern civilization. Bahrain, although not possessing large oil reserves, owes its existence as a modern state to the revenues of oil which it has enjoyed for a longer time than many of her neighbours. Therefore as a case study it is possible to examine the impacts of wealth, modernisation and education on this island community and the impulse given by these factors to the social changes and political awareness between the First World War and the present day. In attempting to study the social and political changes in Bahrain we cannot ignore the two decades immediately prior to the oil era, as during these years events occurred which made future changes easier. Items such as the establishment of a modern administration and education and the fact that they were a relatively stable community gave them the opportunity to observe and adopt further Western innovations, and as oil revenues became available, enabled them to build on this base and extend its social services. The material benefits had their impact on the social existence and political life of the people and naturally enough this produced certain stresses. These stresses were either of a personal or group nature or between the community and their changing environments. This work attempts to examine the development of this community, the problems which arose and the impact they had upon a traditional society. As the British had, and probably still have, a voice in the affairs of the Gulf, the work also tries to examine the role they played in Bahrain, and their triumphs and failures in shaping the events with the islands.

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The present work does not deal with all aspects of Dutch rule in the period under review. Only the outstanding themes and problems are considered. The main political problem was the Century 17th., legacy of -, _. unsettled relations between the King of Kandy and >0C. The issue was the Kandyan desire to recover their rights of unlimited trade and intercourse with the outside world, especially India. The Dutch on their part were determined to retain their monopoly of the island's trade and to deny to Kandy all access to independent trade. The war of 1760-66 was essentially a conflict arising out of this clash of interests. The VOC and the Kingdom of Kandy were both plagued by internal upheavals, though not in the same way. So far as Kandy was concerned it took the form of a divided Court which resulted in the attempted dethronement of Kirthi Sri Rajasinha; for the Dutch the cause of trouble lay primarily in their land and agrarian policies, in their attempt to maximise incomes from land and their desire to increase collections of cinnamon which was in greater demand in Europe. 1 11 During the period there is certain evidence of a population increase-. and a consequent expansion of arable land. The rise in the demand for cinnamon meant that more land had to be preserved for cinnamon if that demand was to be met. The land policies of Governors Loten and Schreuder which attempted to restrict drastically the eipansion of cultivated land was a result of that situation and a direct cause of the rebellionsof. l? 57-60., The resentment generated by the compilation of the Thombos was another major cause of the rebellions. The Kandyan intervention in the disturbances of the lowlands led to the war which resulted in the treaty of 1766. This represented a loss to the Kandyans for the Kingdom became land-locked and intercourse with the outside world became even more difficult; but the victory was by no means unqualified for the Dutch. The wax was expensive and the maintenance of peace became equally so. ý This,, produced a chronic weakness in the financial structure of the Company in Ceylon in the-following-period

The present thesis is a study of the later phase of the Fätimid Caliphate and the IsmD-ili daywa, from the death of al-Mustansir to the suppression of the dynasty in 567/1171. It consists of an Introduction and six chapters. The first chapter introduces, in a broad outline, the earlier history and movement of the Fätimids, upto the year 466/1074. Chapter II examines the events of the last two decades of al-Mustansir's reign and the problem of succession arising at his death in 487/1094. Two points are observed in particular: One, in the now militarised Fätimid State the Ismäl, ili Imam-Caliph is losing his original power and strength. Two, this militarised administration will be the central feature of the Fätimid regime for the rest of its history. Chapter III is devoted to the Musta'lian- Nizäri split in the Ismä'Ili da'wa. It studies this important issue through available Ismä"ili literature.In Chapter IV is considered the history of the caliphs, al-Musta''li and al-Amir and the Fätimid state in decline. In the newly established military administration the Fatimid caliph was giving place to his wazlr al-sayf - both in the realm of politics and in the field of da''wa. Chapter V is concerned with the interregnum and rupture of 524-526/1130-1132. It investigates into two central problems of this confused period of the Fäjimid dynasty - the regency of al-Häfiz, and the origin of Tayyibi Ismä~ilism. Chapter VI deals with the last years of the Fätimids. It examines the nature of the Fätimid military; investigates political status and religious claim of the last caliphs upto their suppression in 567/1171.

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No description available.

No description available.

No description available.