Bello, the son and successor of cUthm-an b. Foduye, left about fourteen works on political and administrative theory out of which only three have been edited and translated (i.e. Usul al-Siyasah by Martin - and Yamusa, al-Ghayth al-Shu c bu- b and al-Qawl al-Mawh-ub, by lam-ac .,J.. l ) The most comprehensive of the fourteen works is al-Ghayth al-Wab1 fi Sirat a1-rmam al_cAdl (The comprehensive LWor~ on the conduct of a just leader) written by Bello four years after his accession to the Caliphate. The present study is the critical editing and translation of the work. This book is important for its revelation of the intellectual basis of Bello's Caliphate and for its contribution to Arabic and Islamic literature in general. Section one of the introduction describes the background of Bello's society with a brief account of the political, social, economic and religious conditions of the people of the Rausa states in the eighteenth century. Section two is a brief account of the Jinad movement and its causes. Section three concerns Be1lots life. It covers his education, his role in the Jihad, the development of his political thought and the personalities which most influenced his thinking. Section four deals with the ideas of Sirat a1-Imam al-c Adl. It contains my analysis of the book, chapter by chapter, with an attempt to relate certain ideas to the contemporary situation in Hausaland, more especially between 1817·-1837, to see to what extent Bello conformed to his own theory. Bello's other works written before or after S.J,. .rat al-Ima-m al-c Adl onthe same subject are used extensively to expound his political thought. The issues of disunity, disobedience, defence and socio-economic policies, codes of conduct, venal scholars and educatiOnal reform, administrative reform, succession to the the, taxation, dhimmis, indiscip1ine in the armies with particular reference to the ghulul (misappropriation of booty), war strategies and their contribution to Bello's success in war, and justice are given paramount importance. It is worth mentioning that the code of conduct and ghulul are the most original contribution of the thesis as no one had ever discussed them in such detail. Bello's pragmatism and leadership concepts are also discussed. The fifth section of the introduction presents the method of editing and translation. Finally, a sixth section is concerned with the English and Arabic texts and their annotations. In the conclusion, an attempt is made to establish that the eradication of mazilim (acts of injustice) and the establishment of cadl (justice) are the main objectives of Bellots writings and policies.

This study examines the policy, practice, and machinery, of British administration in SOUTHERN NIGERIA -the Lagos colony and protectorate, and the protectorate of Southern Nigeria, both before and after the 1906 amalgamation - with particular reference to the political and judicial aspects. Related economic and social questions, except education and sanitation, are discussed. Native policy comprising pacification, the provision and maintenance of political and judicial institutions, and economic development, constituted common problems - of different dimensions - to Sir Ralph Moor, Sir William MacGregor, and Sir Walter Egerton.

This doctoral research presents the results of a pioneering archaeological enquiry in the Shira region of Bauchi State, northeastern Nigeria. The prime aims of this work in what is a hitherto uninvestigated region are to sketch out an occupational sequence and to characterise past materiahl culture. Shira is renowned for being the earliest established settlement (12th to 19th century AD) in present-day northern Bauchi region and it lies on a primary trade route linking two important precolonial polities, the Bornu Empire and the Hausa city-states; as well as connecting with the Adamawa region. The thesis uses archaeology as its prime source of data, but cross-references it with historical and ethnographic data, in order to investigate the evolution and chronological development of the Shira region in the second millennium AD. The artefacts and the spatial organization which characterise the past settlements are studied, and data collected through ethnographic enquiries on present social practices are examined with a view of offering comparative material for the archaeological data. This aspect of the enquiry was mainly concerned with tangible materials such as pottery or the practice of blacksmithing, but it also considered non-material aspects such as the present socio-political patterns and subsistence economy in particular. An archaeological survey in the form of field walking was an important component of the investigation. A 16km2 selected area close to Shira town was examined in order to assess settlement evidence and archaeological potential. The survey located and recorded 64 sites, 5 of which later became the subject of detailed investigation. The survey collections and the excavations carried out at these 5 abandoned sites underpin this thesis and provide a characterisation of past material culture. Six radiocarbon dates place the occupation of the settlements investigated within the second millennium AD. Pottery was the most abundant artefacts recovered from the archaeological survey and excavations around the Shira town. Rims and decorated sherds were analyzed in detail and non-diagnostic material, namely undecorated body sherds, quantified and discarded. Ultimately, these new archaeological data indicate that there exist a great number of past sites around Shira town, of various natures and occurring across a series of hilltops and intervening plains. As such this thesis provides important new data on the past of this part of West Africa.

This thesis is concerned with the modern settlement of Hausa and Fulani, of mainly Nigerian origin, in what is now the Democratic Republic of Sudan and examines the process of social and economic change within-the communities founded by these settlers. It can therefore be divided into two parts: the first is a critical review of Hausa and Fulani immigration during the colonial period and furthermore, whilst attempting to explain this important phenomenon, provides an introduction to the second part which, in the specific context of the settlement established in 1906 by mainly Fulani groups at Maiurno near Sennar in Blue Nile Province, analyses the character of post-war change and social development. Hence, as well as giving an account of Hausa and Fulani immigration, this thesis aspires to be a contribution to the growing literature on the transformation of rural society, the nature of capital accumulation and the process of class formation amongst the peasantry in northern Sudan. Chapter One provides the historical background to the establishment of Maiurno and investigates the settlement of sedentarised Fulani groups along the Blue Nile from the end of the nineteenth century until the beginning of the 1930s.

No description available.

Mission societies provided most education in British West African dependencies in 1900. Education followed a different pattern in the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria because Lugard, short of money and men, preserved the Mohammedan emirates in the system known as Indirect Rule, Mohammedan dislike of Christianity and his own insecurity led Lugard to promise non-interference with the Mohammedan religion, a promise later used to exclude missionaries from emirates. Indirect Rule requires at least educated governing and clerical classes. Lugard disliked on principle Government-supported mission education for Mohammedans, and he feared from past experience the disruptive effect on the social fabric of African life of mission stations. Yet financial difficulties compelled his interest in Dr. Miller's (C.M.S.) Zaria Schools plan. This plan was too secular by C.M.S. standards end yet condemned by Administration for over-great religious bias. Girouard, Lugard's successor, determined on a Government Education Department as the only alternative, and he seconded Vischer - a political officer by temperament and experience sympathetic to Indirect Rule - to Education. Vischer wished to lessen the strain of the culture-clash in Northern Nigeria and to use "adapted" education as part of the evolutionary process whereby Indirect Rule would eventually give way to self-government. Slow, sure progress was made in education from 1909 to 1914, Mohammedan suspicion was lulled. Meanwhile some emirates had become Native Administrations with Treasuries, and mission expansion was considered more dangerous than ever to the political experiment. Education, religion and politics were so bound together any action resulted in a complex chain of reactions. After the amalgamation in 1914 of Northern and Southern Nigeria, the Colonial Office insisted on Vischer's education system being safeguarded in the Education Ordinance of 1916 and by subsequent legislation. On political groups this attitude was acceptable to many Residents. War checked progress. Yet the Education Department opened new schools and in its 1918 Report "adapted" education was shown to be an evolutionary process rather than a static method. From 1923 to 1939 Vischer was secretary to the Colonial Office's Advisory Council on Education, and from 1926 to 1945 to the International African Institute. He preached the doctrine of mutual enrichment through culture-clash without the disruption of either society. The ultimate choice in West Africa lay, he realized, with the African.

No description available.

This thesis concerns hierarchy and authority among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria and Niger with special reference to the period in which the various Hausa city-states were brought under a single rule in the nineteenth century, known as the Sokoto Caliphate. However, contrastive discussion also centres on the pre-jihad (1804- A.D.) Hausa polities and those kingdoms which escaped conquest in the jihad. The examination of hierarchy and authority in this study focusses on the ways in which the Hausa consistently conceive, in political terms, other non-political institutions in their society. This hierarchical organisation extends to such diverse social institutions as craft associations and associations of youth. In addition, many of the <u>iskoki</u>, 'spirits', are known by their political titles and, as a group, are hierarchically organised. It is through the duplication of titles at many levels of the society and through kinship that hierarchy is expressed.