After an informal relationship between the Indians of the Mosquito Shore and the governor and merchants of Jamaica that had lasted for nearly a hundred years, Robert Hodgson was sent to the Shore in 1740 to organise the scattered English settlers and Indians for military campaigns on the Spanish Main during the War of Jenkins' Ear. When the war ended, the Board of Trade established a superintendency on the Shore naming Hodgson as superintendent. His government (1749-1759) was punctuated by disputes between the Mosquitos, Shoremen and Spanish which nearly erupted into a new war. The second superintendent, Richard Jones, was replaced at the outbreak of Anglo-Spanish hostilities in 1762 by Captain Joseph Otway, when it was felt that a field officer was needed on the Shore. However, the war soon ended and the Mosquito Shore during Otway's superintendency (1762-1767) experienced peace, growth and prosperity. At Otway's death in 1767, Robert Hodgson, son of the first superintendent, was named to the office. His superintendency soon deteriorated into a series of bitter feuds with the settlers and the governors of Jamaica. In 1775 Hodgson's enemies persuaded Lord George Germain to replace him with his worst adversary, James Lawrie. Lawrie was superintendent until the evacuation of the Shore in 1787, avoiding all attempts by Hodgson to force his removal from office. During Lawrie's superintendency (1776-1787) the Shore was used as a base for military operations in the Anglo-Spanish conflict of 1779-1783, and then as a refuge for American loyalists. Succumbing to constant pressure by the Spanish, England abandoned the Mosquito Shore in 1786 at the signing of the Mosquito Convention. The evacuation of British settlers was terminated in June 1787, and Spanish settlements were formed on the Shore immediately thereafter.

Founded in 1922 by Socialist who already exerted considerable influence in the Chilean trade union movement, the Chilean Communist Party was a communist party in name only during its early years. It was not until the later 1920s that it began to acquire the organisational forms and practices characteristic of all members of the Third Communist International and not until the early 1930s that it was led by men who gave unquestioning allegiance to Moscow. Reduced to a shadow of its former self by prolonged persecution in the late 1920s and early 1930s, the party's fortunes did not begin to revive until after 1935, when the Third International adopted policies which encouraged it to become a regular participant in Chilean coalition politics. Between 1935 and 1947, the party's fortunes fluctuated somewhat in accordance with changing national and international circumstances but coalition politics enabled it to play important roles in the election of three successive Presidents of the Republic, to extend its appeal to wider sectors of society, to expand its electoral and trade union support and, indirectly, to lay the basis for an increasingly effective and professional party machine. In 1946, the party became the first Latin American Communist Party to hold designated portfolios in cabinet but its experience of high government office was cut short by Cold War pressures - pressures which eventually forced the party into a period of clandestinity which lasted from 1947 until 1958. This, then, is the broad chronological sweep of this study. Within its context, particular attention is paid to the party's relations with the International Communist Movement, to its links with organised labour, to its organisational development, to its electoral support and to its changing relations with other Chilean parties. 0 ii

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Letters written by American Slaves constitute a significant corpus of evidence which reveals much about the ways they presented themselves and thought about others, both slave and free, whilst also providing invaluable information about the ways they lived their day to day lives and negotiated their place within social and disciplinary hierarchies. This thesis addresses two issues in parallel: first, it considers the ways we may read slaves’ letters as testaments to the way correspondents and recipients constructed themselves and others, which is to say the way in which the epistolary cultures of slavery that both masters and slaves made served as <i>loci</i> for the production and performance of self; second, it examines the reasons that slaves’ letters have not received the attention that ex-slave testimony, such as the Slave Narratives and the WPA interviews have received, an analysis that proposes that there are both methodological and ideological factors at work which have tended to obscure the value of slaves’ letters or the significance of the epistolary cultures of slavery. Given such attention to both history as event and history as literary process, the thesis is therefore necessarily a conversation between the theory that underpins historiographical and hermeneutic practice and that practice itself. As such it foregrounds methodology and makes explicit the theoretical structures that have shaped my understanding of the letters. By reading not only the letters themselves, but also the archives that contain them and the making of history around them, this thesis therefore profitably complicates our view of the ways in which slaves constructed themselves, each other, their masters and their world whilst also, in may cases for the first time, giving slaves’ own epistolary writings about such subjects a place in the history of their bondage.

This research is concerned with the Ursuline Nuns of Quebec City, their Convent and school for girls founded in 1639, their boarding pupils, and embroidered textiles stitched by these young women. It focuses on the social and cultural convergence of French- and English-speaking boarders who attended the school during the British Colonial period of 1760-1867, a time in the Convent school's history when it moved from being a unilingual to a bilingual institution paralleling the shift in Quebec's history when the French colony became British. This study considers the interaction of French and English-speaking pupils with the nuns and with each other and their relationship to a collection of textile objects currently held by the Musee des Ursulines de Quebec. The objects selected for study provide examples of embroideries fashioned by pupils during the study period. Analysis of the practices surrounding the creation and use of these objects provides evidence of the convergence of French and English-speaking pupils within the confines of the school. The study also focuses on the impact of nuns and pupils with regard to the social and cultural convergence of the elite French and English speaking populations outside the cloister during the study period. An interdisciplinary methodology developed by the bringing together of diverse primary sources particularly analyses the relationship between the abovementioned practices, the curriculum taught at the school and biographical information attained through the development of a prosopographic database which establishes the eliteness of the pensionnaires. The surprising extent of the cultural duality and religious tolerance found within the school and seen within the objects sheds light on the impact which, as pupils and in maturity, these women may have had on the social and cultural convergence of Quebec's elite Society during the period. It was found that the relationship which the nuns had nurtured from within the cloister at the time of the Conquest and onward with the British Governor and his suite, was an especially significant part of this process. The study has revealed that elite women in British Colonial Quebec faced many challenges and that harmonious co-existence of English and French-speaking women within the small enclosed elite Society in the city was a necessity, not an option. The Ursuline nuns, their pupils and needlework all were shown to play a part in facilitating and encouraging that co-existence. How the Sisters achieved this complex task of supporting the cultural dualism that was at the heart of coexistence was clarified through the analysis of the education, needlework and other life skills provided to their pensionnaires by the Ursulines.

The second World War had a great impact on the black American population. The issues of military participation and the aims expressed in Allied propaganda were seized upon by Afro-Americans in order to press their claims for equality at home. This war on two fronts, as it was called, found expression in black newspapers, in literature, and in song and the common theme was that service in the armed forces or in defence industries would, or at least should, be rewarded with equal citizenship rights. The militant campaigns launched by blacks at this time, particularly the March on Washington Movement, resulted in 'guided' changes : changes resulting from government actions to reduce discrimination in industry and the armed forces. More important, however, were the 'unguided, changes which came about as a result of the war itself. Manpower shortages in industry after 1942 led to increased employment of blacks and in a greater variety of jobs than previously experienced. Similar shortages in the Army in 1944 led to a successful experiment in integration which undermined the basis of segregation in the forces. Such changes did not go unresisted and the massive migration of Afro-Americans to centres of war production, and their own belligerence, led to conflict with whites over employment and housing. In 1943 a number of cities were disrupted by race riots, the largest of which took place in Detroit. More sympathetic whites urged their countrymen to practice what they preached abroad in their own country, a message which was taken up by President Truman when he acted in the field of civil rights after the war. The riots and race conflict of the 1940s demonstrated the importance race relations had achieved during, and because of the war: they were also a foretaste of the things to come when black hopes and expectations were crushed in the 1950s.

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This thesis examines the relationship between J. Edgar Hoover and North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation directors and their career trajectories from 1937 to 1972 as a result of their public relations practices in high profile case investigations in the print media. Although researchers argue that leadership characteristics impact law enforcement executives' careers, an overlooked component is the relationship between directors' career trajectories and print media when reporting on high profile cases. This thesis examines the consequences of high profile case investigations in the print media and directors' career trajectories. Namely, J. Edgar Hoover and State Bureau of Investigation directors' career trajectories are examined to demonstrate how directors used the print media to prolong their tenure. This thesis argues that State Bureau of Investigation directors modeled their public relations style in the print media and high profile investigations after Hoover's in order to accomplish a positive career trajectory. This thesis also argues that career trajectory outcomes of State Bureau of Investigation directors who emulated Hoover's style of using the print media in high profile investigations were distinguished by prolonged career tenures. State Bureau of Investigation directors less efficacious in emulating Hoover's style were characterized with negative career trajectories. In order to better understand this career advancement outcome, the research problem is examined on the basis of a triangular relationship between Hoover's public relations practices, the State Bureau of Investigation's public relations practices that were modeled after Hoover, and print media's coverage of high profile case investigations from both agencies. This thesis concludes that there is a direct correlation between law enforcement directors' career advancements and their public relations practices related to print media coverage of high profile cases.