Historical scholarship on the Anglo-Argentine dispute over the Falkland Islands has been overwhelmingly focused on its 18th and 19th century roots and on the immediate causes and development of the 1982 war. The 20th century diplomatic history of the conflict prior to the war has received comparatively little attention. Drawing mainly on British and Argentine sources, this thesis highlights the importance of the neglected 1960s as the decade in which a dormant territorial controversy became reactivated, gaining a place in the multilateral forum of the United Nations Decolonisation Committee and developing into a dynamic set of bilateral negotiations on the question of sovereignty. Contrary to the conventional emphases on Argentine nationalism, British geopolitical interests and the islanders' self-determination, the thesis presents decolonisation itself as the central process that both re-ignited the dispute and made its resolution more difficult. On the one hand, Buenos Aires' reaction to the impact of British decolonisation on its historic claim to the islands and London's gradual acknowledgement of the diplomatic, strategic and economic unviability of its South Atlantic colony definitively eroded the longstanding territorial status quo. This erosion was aided by the material and ideological potency of the Anglo-Argentine relationship and by the British attempt to use peaceful negotiations with Argentina as a model of conflict resolution that could help to tame and educate other claimants, particularly Spain vis-a-vis Gibraltar. On the other hand, Argentine fears about the colonial connotations of any bilateral agreement and Britain's constant concerns over the repercussions of the Falklands question on its remaining and wider colonial agenda inhibited territorial change. The dispute was thus left in a limbo between a broken status quo and a frustrated sovereignty transfer - a situation that paved the road to the 1982 confrontation and to the current bilateral stalemate

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In this thesis, studies associated with the stability analyses of the box-shaped dump-site culvert constructed in Tinaz Surface Mine of Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKi) are presented. In addition, stability conditions of other culvert alternatives are evaluated. Existence of creeks in a surface mining area is a significant factor to be considered in selection of dump-site location. Since, the dumped overburden material on the valley acts as a barrier and behaves like a dam causing flood problem behind the dump-site. TKi engineers prevented the flood potential that might have occurred behind the dump-site by constructing a 480-meter long reinforced-concrete culvert on the downstream of Gevenez Creek Valley. However, considerable amount of deformations occurred in the first 100 meters of the culvert, as a result of overburden material being replaced on this structure. In order to determine the failure mechanism associated with the culvert, a series of numerical modeling analyses were carried out utilizing back analysis technique. The validity of the numerical model was justified by convergence measurements and observations carried out inside the culvert as overburden material being replaced on the stable part of this structure. Finally, based on the numerical model developed, the stability of other culvert alternatives that could be used in future projects were evaluated considering different embankment conditions (positive projecting and negative projecting), bedding conditions (impermissible, ordinary, first-class and concrete cradle), culvert shapes (box and circular) and dumping conditions.

The production of multi-component cement from clinker and two additives such as trass and blast furnace slag has now spread throughout the world. These additives are generally interground with clinker to produce a composite cement of specified surface area. The grinding stage is of great importance as it accounts for a major portion of the total energy consumed in cement production and also as it affects the quality of composite cements by the particle size distribution of the individual additives produced during grinding. This thesis study was undertaken to characterize the breakage properties of clinker and the additives trass and slag with the intention of delineating their grinding properties in separate and intergrinding modes. Single particle breakage tests were conducted by means of a drop weight tester in order to define an inherent grindability for the clinker and trass samples in terms of the median product size ( ). In addition, a back-calculation procedure was applied to obtain the breakage rate parameters ( ) of perfect mixing ball mill model using industrial data from a cement plant. Kinetic and locked-cycle grinding tests were performed in a standard Bond mill to determine breakage rates and distribution functions for clinker, trass and slag. Bond work indices of these cement components and of their binary and ternary mixtures were determined and compared. Attempts were made to use back-calculated grinding rate parameters to simulate the Bond grindability test. The self-similarity law was proved to be true for clinker and trass that their shapes of the self-similarity curves are unique to the feed material and independent of the grinding energy expended and overall fineness attained. The self-similar behaviour of tested materials will enable process engineers to get useful information about inherent grindability and energy consumption in any stage of the comminution process. The parameters, and indicating the degree of size reduction were defined with different theoretical approaches as a function of energy consumption by using single particle breakage test data of clinker and trass. The breakage distribution functions were found to be non-normalizable. On the other hand, the breakage rate functions were found to be constant with respect to time but variable with respect to changing composition in the Bond ball mill. These variations are critical in computer simulation of any test aiming to minimize the experimental efforts of the standard procedure. As a result of the back calculation of breakage rate parameters for clinker and trass samples in the Bond mill, no common pattern was seen for the variation of the rate parameters. Therefore, computer simulation of the Bond grindability test did not result in an accurate estimation of the Bond work index.

Size reduction processes, particularly fine grinding systems, in mineral processing and cement production plants constitute a great portion of energy consumption and operating costs. Therefore, the grinding systems should be designed properly and operated under optimum conditions to achieve productive and cost effective operations. The use of simulation based on kinetic mathematical models of grinding has proven useful in this respect. The kinetic models contain two essential parameters, namely, breakage rate and breakage distribution functions, that are to be determined experimentally, and preferably in laboratory, or by back-calculation from the mill product size distribution for a given feed size distribution. Experimental determination of the breakage parameters has been mostly carried out in laboratory batch mills using one-size-fraction material. The breakage rate parameter is obtained from the disappearance rate of this one-size-fraction material, while the breakage distribution parameters are estimated from the short-time grinding of the same material. Such laboratory methods using one-size fraction material, however, are not truly representative of industrial continuous mill operations where the mill contents have a distribution of particle sizes. There is evidence in the literature that the size distribution of the mill contents affects the breakage parameters. This thesis study was undertaken with the main purpose of investigating the effect of the size distribution of the mill hold-up on the brekage parameters of quartz and calcite minerals in lockedcycle dry grinding experiments. The locked-cycle and one-size-fraction experiments were performed in the Bond ball mill instrumented with a torque-measuring device. Different closing screen sizes were used in the locked-cycle work to produce different size distributions of the mill hold-up, and the operating conditions were changed in the one-size-fraction experiments to obtain different power draws. Particle breakage parameters were assessed for these changing conditions. Prior to the experiments related to the main purpose of the study, preliminary experiments were conducted for two reasons: (i) to find the power draw of the Bond mill in relation to the operating conditions with the intention of eliminating the use of costly torque-measuring devices by others / and (ii) to find the most accurate estimation method of breakage distribution functions among the three existing methods, namely, the &ldquo / zero-order production of fines&rdquo / method, the BII method, and the G-H method. The G-H method was found to be more appropriate for the current study. The locked-cycle grinding experiments revealed that the breakage rate function of coarse fractions increased with increasing proportion of fines in the mill hold-up. Breakage distribution functions were found to be environment-dependent and non-normalizable by size in one-size-fraction and locked cycle grinding experiments. It was concluded that the cumulative basis breakage rate function could sufficiently represent the breakage characteristics of the two studied materials in a wide range of operating conditions. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to evaluate the breakage characteristics of materials ground in ball mills by linearized form of the size-discretized batch grinding equation using single parameter instead of dealing with two parameters which may not be independent of each other.

ABSTRACT DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION OF MINING AND ENVIRONMENT LAWS OF TURKEY WITH REGARD TO EU LEGISLATION Turkey is trying to become a member of the European Union. Within this frame, studies are proceeding for harmonization of the Turkish legislation with the EU legislation. European legislation might have positive or negative impact on the mineral extraction industry and national mining law. Since there is no title directly related to mining policy in the EU legislation the mining policy of EU was evaluated especially under the titles&ldquo / energy&rdquo / and &ldquo / environment&rdquo / . In this thesis, the Turkish mining regulations and the environmental aspects of the mining activities have been investigated and discussed in comparison with those of EU. The latest developments about mining sectors of Turkey and EU have been evaluated and the comparison between EU directives and Turkish laws and regulations about mining have been made. In this study, modifications that should be realized in laws and regulations and measures that should be taken by Turkey as a candidate country for EU discussed and some proposals have been made.

In this study, an attempt has been made to hydrometallurgical extraction of cobalt and nickel by atmospheric pressure sulphuric acid leaching and a pug-roast-leach process using two stage roasting for lateritic ore. The ore used in the study was obtained from &Ccedil / aldag Lateritic Ore, Manisa, Turkey. The metal contents of the ore are 2.1 % Ni, 0.12 % Co, 32.45 % Fe, 1.01 % Mn, 2.58 % Cr, 0.78 % Mg and 1.01 % Al. The reserve of lateritic ore deposit is approximately 40 million tonnes. In the study, first sulphuric acid leaching was applied at atmospheric pressure for leaching the &Ccedil / aldag lateritic ore. The effect of various parameters, such as leaching time, leaching temperature, particle size, pulp density and acid strength on Ni and Co extractions were determined. By leaching at 80oC for 40 wt % H2SO4 addition of ore, 1/3 pulp density, Ni and Co extractions were found 44.49 % and 53.03 % respectively, yielded a pregnant solution containing 3.11 g/L Ni and 0.12 g/L Co. But the result of atmospheric pressure sulphuric acid leaching was considered insufficient from the recovery point of view. In the pug-roast-leach process, which is consisted of a two stage roasting followed by water leaching, decomposition temperature differences of sulphates of cobalt, nickel and iron are exploited. In this process, amount of acid, sulphatization and decomposition temperature, sulphatization and decomposition time, leaching temperature and time, solid/liquid ratio, and the effect of water addition during pugging were optimized. Under the optimized conditions (sulphuric acid: 25 wt % of ore / moisture: 20 wt % of ore / sulphatization temperature: 450oC / sulphatization time: 30 minutes / decomposition temperature: 700oC / decomposition time: 60 minutes / leaching temperature: 70oC / leaching time: 30 minutes and solid-liquid ratio: 1/4 by weight), Co and Ni extractions were found 91.4 and 84.4 percent, respectively. A pregnant solution containing 3.084 g/L Ni and 0.185 g/L Co was obtained. These results were considered sufficient for the leaching of lateritic nickel ores.

In this thesis, coal-water mixtures (CWM) with &Ccedil / ayirhan lignite were prepared to optimize the parameters of CWM having an ideal behavior which means that at maximum coal loading, relatively stable at static and dynamic conditions and exhibit low viscosity. For this purpose, the effect of the parameters such as pulp density, amount of chemical agents, particle size distribution, addition of methanol and pulp pH were investigated. Results showed that increasing pulp density negatively affects viscosity and allowable maximum pulp density was obtained as 60% when the particle size distribution has a d50 value of 22.82 &micro / m. The optimum amount of chemical agent was found as 0.9%, having 10% Na-CMC (Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose) and 90% PSS (Polystyrene Sulfonate). Minimum viscosity was achieved when the pulp pH was in natural conditions (pH=6.85). Addition of methyl alcohol increased the viscosity of CWM.

Dilution and ore recovery/loss have an important role in calculation of mineral reserves. Each percent increase in dilution and decrease in recovery negatively affects economic value of the reserve. These parameters are mainly controlled by the quality of the mine design and stoping practice. This study provides an approach developed for dilution and recovery/ore loss calculations. The contribution of mine design software (MineSight) and the recent survey technique called Cavity Monitoring System (CMS) were presented in this study. The purpose was to compare the new approach with the old system where the calculations had been done according to some assumptions and to optimize mineral reserve estimation process. Results indicate that the new approach used in reserve estimation process gives ~1.6% closer tonnages to the actual numbers and the grades are both ~1.6% closer to the actual values numbers when compared with the old system.