Most available techniques for predicting internal daylight illuminance do not take into account reflected sunlight, nor the fact that under clear sky conditions the direction of the illuminance is usually upwards, not downwards from the sky. The general goal of this study is to investigate the issue of predicting the internal illuminance from natural light in clear sky conditions. This includes the possibility of proposing a method based on the concept of the average daylight factor for use in sunny climates. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. After introducing the problem in Chapter One, Chapter Two is a literature review of problems associated with utilising natural light in sunny regions. Chapter Three is the statement of the problem and how it will be solved. Existing equations for finding the average daylight factor have one thing in common: they assume that the incident light on the window comes directly from an overcast sky or by external reflection from it. If any of these equations are to be used under clear sky conditions, or a new method is to be developed based on the same concepts, the sensitivity of average internal illuminance to the direction of external light needs to be tested. A study of this is described in Chapter Four. Chapter Five tests, by numerical simulation, the performance of existing average daylight factor methods under clear sky conditions. It is concluded that they are not appropriate for sunny regions. The tests, and the conclusions from Chapter Four, do, however, suggest a new approach. This has two bases. The first is that it has been shown to be possible to relate incident light on the window plane to horizontal sky illuminance, and this sets a minimum condition for window design. In practice this can be used in conjunction with a limiting maximum window size based on heat gain and other environmental issues. The second basis is a new formula for relating average internal illuminance to external window plane illuminance. The overall result is a formula for predicting internal illuminance as a ratio of external horizontal sky iluminance. In Chapter Seven this approach is tested. Two methods are used: field measurements under real sky conditions, and comparison with detailed calculations.

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Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are an emerging display technology with the advantages of being efficient, bright, portable and flexible. In this work, a number of novel compounds have been developed for incorporation into OLEDs as emitting dopants. A series of ligands containing dipyrido[3,2-a:2�,3�-c]phenazine substituted at the 11-position with ethyl ester, bromo-, nitrile and 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties have been synthesised. Each of the ligands were coordinated to Re(I), Cu(I), Ru(II) and Ir(III) metal centres. Ligands and complexes were characterised by �H NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and microanalysis. Single crystal X-ray analyses were performed on fac-chlorotricarbonyl(dipyrido[3,2-a:2�,3�-c]phenazine-11-carboxylic ethyl ester)rhenium (triclinic, P-1, a = 6.403(5) Å, b = 10.388(5) Å, c = 16.976(5) Å, α = 84.087(5)�, β = 84.161(5)�, γ = 79.369(5)�, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0536, wR2 = 0.0978), fac-chlorotricarbonyl(11-bromodipyrido[3,2-a:2�,3�-c]phenazine)rhenium.CH₃OH (monoclinic, C2/c, a = 19.506(5) Å, b = 18.043(5) Å, c = 13.320(5) Å, α = γ = 90�, β = 114.936(5)�, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0345, wR2 = 0.0827), fac-chlorotricarbonyl(11-cyanodipyrido[3,2-a:2�,3�-c]phenazine)rhenium (triclinic, P-1, a = 6.509(5) Å, b = 12.403(5) Å, c = 13.907(5) Å, α = 96.88(5)�, β = 92.41(5)�, γ = 92.13(5)�, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0329, wR2 = 0.0701), bis-2,2�-bipyridyl(2-(11-dipyrido[3,2-a:2�,3�-c]phenazine)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole)ruthenium triflate.2CH₃CN (triclinic, P-1, a = 10.601(5) Å, b = 12.420(5) Å, c = 20.066(5) Å, α = 92.846(5)�, β = 96.493(5)�, γ = 103.720(5)�, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0650, wR2 = 0.1458) and bis-(2-phenylpyridine-C�,N�)(dipyrido[3,2-a:2�,3�-c]phenazine)iridium(III) hexafluorophosphate.(CH₃)₂CO (triclinic, P-1, a = 13.505(5) Å, b = 16.193(5) Å, c = 19.788(5) Å, α = 92.857(5)�, β = 98.710(5)�, γ = 93.432(5)�, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0494, wR2 = 0.1097). The ground and excited state properties of the ligands and complexes were investigated by a range of techniques, including electrochemistry, absorption and emission spectroscopy, spectroelectrochemistry and excited state lifetime studies. Complexes of dppz-based ligands typically show MOs which are segregated over either the bpy or phz region of the dppz backbone. The properties of the Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes of the ligand series investigated in this work were consistent with this model, and the LUMOs of these complexes were assigned as the b₁(phz) phz-localised MO. The Re(I) and Cu(I) complexes of the ligand series appeared to show MOs which were delocalised over the entire dppz ligand. A modular complex containing an electron transport group, hole transport group and emitting centre was synthesised. The complex fac-tricarbonyl(trans-(E)-1-((2,2�:5�,2��-terthiophen)-3�-yl)-2-(4�-pyridyl)-ethane)(2-(11-dipyrido[3,2-a:2�,3�-c]phenazine)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole)rhenium(I) hexafluorophosphate was oxidised and reduced readily, encouraging efficient transport of both holes and electrons. However, this resulted in the complex having a small band gap and hence a low quantum yield of emission. Emission from this complex appeared to be from more than one state. The complexes containing the dppz-based ligand series show complicated excited state behaviour. Emission behaviour is consistent with input from more than one state for many of the Re(I), Cu(I) and Ir(III) complexes. The Ru(II) complexes of the ligand series emit from a �MLCT state between metal-based and bpy-based MOs located on the dppz ligands, as is usual for complexes of this type. All complexes containing 11-cyanodipyrido[3,2-a:2�,3�-c]phenazine showed extremely short excited state lifetimes consistent with extremely efficient non-radiative deactivation of the excited state. Ligands and complexes were incorporated into OLEDs with the structure [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK:BuPBD:dopant/BCP/Alq₃/LiF/Al] to test their ability to behave as emissive dyes. Many of the compounds behaved poorly as dopants due to their low emission quantum yields, and poor alignment of HOMO and LUMO energy levels with those of the other compounds within the device. �MLCT-based emission was achieved through energy transfer from the PVK host for the devices containing chlorotricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes of the ligand series. The OLEDs containing Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes also emitted from dopant-centred �MLCT states. In these devices, dopant excitation appeared to occur through direct charge trapping from the adjacent hole transport and electron transport layers.

Typescript (photocopy) / xxvi, 359 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Dept. of Plant Physiology, University of Adelaide, 1982

Thesis (B. Sc. Hons)--University of Adelaide, 1984. / Mounted photographs. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [62-73]).

Thesis (B.A. Hons. 1970) from the Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2008. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-63). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 19xx. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-80). Also available in electronic version.