Este projeto trata do estudo para implementação de um sistema de absorção/geração de ondas no Tanque de Provas Didático I do Departamento de Engenharia Naval e Oceânica da Universidade de São Paulo (PNV-EPUSP). As instalações já existentes incluem o tanque de provas, sensores de ondas resistivos e batedor de ondas do tipo cunha. Para a parte física do absorvedor, o sistema do servomotor foi disponibilizado pela MOOG do Brasil Controles Ltda. Dado que as propriedades desses equipamentos foram pré-definidas, os demais componentes foram escolhidos e projetados de acordo com esses parâmetros, levando-se em conta a compatibilidade com as características das instalações e a factibilidade de se adaptar e modificar os componentes para a realização de futuros ensaios com diferentes tipos de ondas. Tais componentes foram construídos com o suporte financeiro da Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP). O dimensionamento da placa basculante e a geometria do suporte do pistão são apresentados, bem como as caracterizações de cada item das instalações já existentes e do novo batedor de ondas destinado à absorção. Um algoritmo preliminar de controle é proposto e testado. Como houve a impossibilidade de se encaminhar o teste empírico do controlador no tanque do PNV, este foi executado na Yokohama National University (YNU, Japão). Os resultados numéricos mostram um bom desempenho do algoritmo, porém na implementação deste em equipamento físico, a análise dos testes mostrou que algumas melhorias devem ser realizadas para utilizações futuras. / This project presents the study for implementation of an absorbing/generating system in the Didactic Wave Tank I of the Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering of the Escola Politécnica of University of São Paulo (PNVEPUSP). The available facilities at the wave tank were resistance type sensors and a plunger-type wave maker. As the absorber\'s hardware, a servomotor system was applied, which was lent by MOOG do Brasil Controles Ltda., and the further components were designed and constructed with the financial support of the National Petroleum Agency (ANP). Since that equipment\'s properties were predefined, the constructed components\' geometry was decided concerning to the compatibility with the mentioned facilities. Also some attention was addressed to the requirement of being easily adaptive to modifications for later different kinds of wave experiments. The design steps of the new actuator and the description of the piston\'s support are shown, as well as the characterization of each item of the available facilities and new wave maker designated to be the absorber. A preliminary control algorithm is also proposed and tested. Since there was an impossibility of carrying out the controller\'s empirical tests in the tank of PNV, they took place in the Yokohama National University (YNU, Japan). The numerical results showed a good performance of the algorithm, however in the empirical tests\' analysis, some improvements were found necessary for future implementations.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T10:35:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme de Oliveira Andrade - 2017.pdf: 3342486 bytes, checksum: f35bb27c1451d7b8969dbf1fe3332a30 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T10:35:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme de Oliveira Andrade - 2017.pdf: 3342486 bytes, checksum: f35bb27c1451d7b8969dbf1fe3332a30 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T10:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme de Oliveira Andrade - 2017.pdf: 3342486 bytes, checksum: f35bb27c1451d7b8969dbf1fe3332a30 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / In order to attenuate unwanted vibrations, coming from mechanical systems, are increasing research in developing efficient products in the vibrant energy dissipation, being carried out in this line, full characterization of viscoelastic materials for the identification of its main phenomena and effectiveness check, reliability and security. The non-linear behavior of viscoelastic materials, when subjected to cyclic loading, is due to their microstructural characteristics, where it is possible that an effective vibration attenuation occurs. However, the complexity of the proposed problem suggests the implementation of numerical-computational procedures, the So that the deformation rates can be evaluated through harmonic analysis, so that the temperature variations can be defined and the phenomena associated with the material can be analyzed. With this, based on the dissipative characteristics of the material, the present work aims at the application of the same in the automotive area, being applied on the vehicular structure of utility vehicles aiming at the attenuation of the vibrations that arrive to the passenger compartment. To prove the efficacy of the material, the structural modeling of the viscoelastic was carried out in a computer environment (MatLab®) and then the material was inserted into the vehicle structure in the finite element software (Ansys®), where the structural and modal harmonic analysis , Thus verifying attenuations of the order of 8.746% for the second vibrating mode of the structure. However, due to the safety involved in automotive projects, it was necessary to analyze the computational effectiveness of these materials on the wide range of operational and environmental factors in which utility vehicles are submitted, thus guaranteeing the necessary reliability to the project. / Com o objetivo de atenuar as vibrações indesejadas, oriundas de sistemas mecânicos, são crescentes as pesquisas nas áreas de desenvolvimento de produtos eficientes na dissipação de energia vibrante, sendo realizados nesta linha, a caracterização completa de materiais viscoelásticos visando a identificação de seus principais fenômenos e verificação de eficácia, confiabilidade e segurança. O comportamento não-linear de materiais viscoelásticos, quando submetido a carregamentos cíclicos, é devido a suas características microestruturais, onde é possível que ocorra uma eficaz atenuação de vibrações. Entretanto, a complexidade do problema proposto sugere a implementação de procedimentos numérico-computacionais, a fim de que se avalie as taxas de deformações através de analises harmônicas, para que desta forma possam ser definidos as variações de temperaturas e analisados os fenômenos associados ao material. Com isso, tendo como base as características dissipativas do material, o presente trabalho visa a aplicação do mesmo na área automotiva, sendo aplicado sobre a estrutura veicular de automóveis utilitários objetivando a atenuação das vibrações que chegam até o habitáculo. Para comprovação da eficácia do material, primeiramente foi realizada a modelagem estrutural do viscoelástico em ambiente computacional (MatLab®) e em seguida realizada a inserção do material na estrutura veicular no software de elementos finitos (Ansys®), onde foram realizadas a análise harmônica estrutural e modal, verificando assim atenuações da ordem de 8,746 % para o segundo modo de vibrar da estrutura. Porém, vale ressaltar, que devido a segurança envolvida em projetos automotivos, foi necessário que se analisasse computacionalmente a eficácia destes materiais sobre a ampla faixa de fatores operacionais e ambientais na qual veículos utilitários estão submetidos, garantindo assim a confiabilidade necessária ao projeto.

As perdas gasosas nitrogenadas são consideráveis em pastagens e a utilização de métodos simples e acessíveis para mensurá-las é de extrema necessidade na avaliação do ciclo de N nesses sistemas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar métodos para quantificar o NH3 volatilizado de fertilizantes nitrogenados aplicados ao solo, que tenham pouca interferência nos processos de volatilização. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação pertencente ao Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. No primeiro experimento os tratamentos foram: absorvedor de espuma a 1, 10, 20 e 30 cm do solo; absorvedor de papel a 1, 10, 20 e 30 cm do solo; coletor semi-aberto estático; e balanço de 15N (método de referência). E no segundo experimento os tratamentos foram: absorvedor de espuma a 1, 5, 10 e 20 cm do solo; absorvedor de papel a 1, 5, 10 e 20 cm do solo; absorvedor com ácido a 1, 5 e 10 cm do solo; coletor semi-aberto estático; e balanço de 15N (método de referência). Nos dois experimentos quantificou-se o N (NH3) volatilizado. As perdas de N-NH3 determinadas pelo método do balanço de 15N, no experimento 1, foram elevadas (73% do N aplicado) e nenhum dos absorvedores avaliados apresentou volatilização de N-NH3 igual ao balanço de 15N. Isso provavelmente ocorreu devido ao elevado valor de pH do solo e a intensa corrente de ar formada pelos exaustores da casa de vegetação, o que contribuiu para o aumento da volatilização de N-NH3 e prejudicou a sua captação pelos absorvedores. No experimento 2, o coletor semi-aberto, o absorvedor de espuma a 1cm, os absorvedores de papel a 1 e 5 cm e os absorvedores com ácido a 1; 5 e 10 cm apresentaram valores acumulados de N-NH3 volatilizado iguais ao balanço de 15N, estimando portanto as reais perdas acumuladas de N-NH3 (p<0,0001). O absorvedor de espuma a 1 cm foi o que apresentou a curva de perdas de N-NH3 mais semelhante a do coletor semi-aberto, que foi considerado o método de referência para as comparações de perdas de N-NH3 a cada dois dias durante o período experimental. / Gaseous losses are considerable in pastures, therefore the utilization of simple and accessible methods to measure them are extremely necessary to evaluate the cycle of N in these systems. This work aimed to determine methods that quantify volatilized NH3 of nitrogenous fertilizers applied to soil which have little interferente in the volatilization processes. Two experiments in a greenhouse from Departamento de Zootecnia of Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos were conducted. Completely randomized experimental design was used with five repetitions. Treatments from the first experiment were: foam absorber at 1, 10, 20 and 30 cm from the ground; paper absorber at 1, 10, 20 and 30 cm from the ground; static semi-open collector and 15N balance (reference method). In the second experiment the treatments used were as follows: foam absorber at 1, 5, 10 and 20 cm from the ground; paper absorber at 1, 5, 10 and 20 cm from the ground; acid absorber at 1, 5 and 10 cm from the ground; static semi-open collector and 15N balance (reference method). Both experiments quantified volatilized N –NH3. N-NH3 losses determined by 15N balance method in experiment 1 were high (73% of the applied N) and none of the evaluated absorbers presented the same N-NH3 volatilization as the 15N balance. These results probably occurred due to the high pH value from the soil and the intense airflow generated by the greenhouse fans what allowed the increase of N-NH3 volatilization and harmed its capitation by the absorbers. In experiment 2, semi-open collector, foam absorber at 1cm, paper absorbers at 1 and 5 cm and acid absorbers at 1; 5 and 10 cm presented equal accumulated values of volatilized N-NH3 as 15N balance, therefore estimating the real N-NH3 accumulated losses (p<0,0001). Foam absorber at 1cm presented curves of N-NH3 losses similar to semi-open collector, considered the reference method to compare N-NH3 losses on each two days during the experimental period.

Le développement de nouveaux matériaux pour les absorbeurs sélectifs pour le solaire thermique à concentration est une étape importante dans le déploiement des énergies renouvelables. La température actuelle de fonctionnement de ces absorbeurs (autour de 450°C) doit être augmentée jusqu’à 650°C ou plus, pour rendre cette technologie rentable. Dans ce but, de nouveaux matériaux pour les absorbeurs solaires doivent être développés, pour résister à ces températures sur le long terme, sans dégradation de leurs propriétés d’absorption. Les matériaux composites en couches minces sont des alternatives prometteuses aux matériaux existants, particulièrement les multicouches platine-alumine qui présentent une grande résistance en température et à l’oxydation. Le sujet de cette thèse a pour but de développer un matériau présentant une bonne absorption de l’énergie solaire et d’étudier les mécanismes de vieillissement qui interviennent dans ce matériau à haute température (650°C) sous air. Pour cela, nous nous sommes donc intéressés aux composites de platine et d’alumine. L’utilisation de simulations numériques a permis de développer une structure dont les propriétés optiques ont été optimisées. Ces structures ont ensuite été réalisées par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron et leurs propriétés optiques mesurées pour vérifier la sélectivité des absorbeurs obtenus. Des valeurs d’absorption de α=0.95 et d’émissivité de ε=0.18 ont été obtenues. Par la suite, notre étude a porté sur les différents mécanismes qui interviennent lors du vieillissement, notamment l’impact du substrat, et les parades pouvant être mises en place pour ralentir ce vieillissement. / Developing new absorber material for solar thermal power is a key step in the enhancement of renewable energies. The current working temperature of the absorber in power plant is too low (450°C) and must be raised to at least 650°C to enhance the yield of the plant. New absorber materials must be developed, to resist such high temperatures for many years, without losing their optical selectivity. Multilayer composite materials show promising results, especially platinum-alumina multilayer because of their good thermal stability. The aim of this PhD was to develop an absorber presenting a good solar absorption and to study the degradation mechanisms taking place during the aging at 650°C in air. Therefore, we studied the platinum-alumina multilayer. We used optical simulation to optimize the structure of our absorber. Then we realized these structures by magnetron sputtering and we performed optical characterizations to verify the optical selectivity. Values of absorption and emissivity of α=0.95 and ε=0.18 were obtained. At that point, we performed aging tests on our absorbers to study the degradation mechanisms taking place during aging at 650°C and to find ways to avoid those degradations in future applications.

The AOE Accumulated Ocean Energy Inc. (AOE) wave energy converter (WEC) is a cascaded pneumatic system, in which air is successively compressed through three point absorber devices on the way to shore; this air is then used to drive an electricity generator. To better quantify the performance of this device, this thesis presents a dynamically coupled model architecture of the AOE WEC, which was developed using the finite element solver ProteusDS and MATLAB/Simulink. This model is subsequently applied for the development and implementation of control in the AOE WEC. At each control stage, comprehensive power matrix data is generated to assess power production as a function of control complexity. The nature of the AOE WEC presented a series of novel challenges, centered on the significant residency time of air within the power take-off (PTO). As a result, control implementation was broken into two stages: passive and active control. The first stage, passive control, was realized as an optimization of eight critical PTO parameters with the objective of maximizing exergy output. After only 15 generations, the genetic algorithm optimization led to an increase of 330.4% over an initial, informed estimate of the optimal design, such that the annually-averaged power output was 29.37 kW. However, a disparity in power production between low and moderate energy sea-states was identified, which informed the development of an active control strategy for the increase of power production in low energy sea-states. To this aim, a recirculation-based control strategy was developed, in which three accumulator tanks were used to selectively pressurize and de-pressurize the piston at opportune times, thereby increasing the continuity of air throughput. Under the influence of active control, sea-states with significant wave heights between 0.75 m – 1.75 m, which on average encompass 55.93% of the year at the Amphitrite Bank deployment location, saw a 16.3% increase in energy production. / Graduate / 2018-08-18

We have studied several metamaterials structures with multiple layers by explaining them theoretically and verifying experimentally. The engineered structures we have designed work either as a perfect absorber or antireflection coating. The multilayer model as we call it Three Layer Model (TLM) has been developed, which gives the total reflection and transmission as a function of reflection and transmission of individual layers. By manipulating the amplitude and phase of the reflection and the transmission of the individual layers, we can get the required functionality of the optoelectronic devices. To get zero reflection in the both perfect absorber and the antireflection coating, the amplitude and phase conditions should be satisfied simultaneously. We have employed the numerical simulation of the structures to verify those conditions for all of the work presented here. As the theoretical retrieval method to extract the effective permittivity and effective permeability of the metamaterial contains air on the both side of the structure, we have dielectric at least on one side practically, that gives a little bit deviated result. We have modified the retrieval method to better fit with the multilayer structure by introducing air on the both side of the resonator using transfer matrix method and use it throughout all the works. We have explained the perfect absorption of the EM wave through Fabry-Perot cavity bounded by the resonator mirror and the metallic film. The metallic film acts as the close boundary whereas the resonator acts as the quasi-open boundary with very high effective permittivity, which leads to the characteristic feature of subwavelength thickness. We have shown numerically that the ultra-thin thickness makes the perfect absorber angular independent. We have also explained the phenomenon of perfect absorption through Impedance Matched Theory and Transmission Line Theory, and showed their matching with TLM. We have also developed the Meta Film Model by considering the resonator as a homogeneous thin film characterized by the effective permittivity and permeability giving rise to the same behavior as the original multilayer structure. We have shown that the resonance of the metamaterial resonator is very far from the resonance of the absorber, it behaves as the medium of high refractive index and very low loss. We have also shown that the density of states of the absorber is increased as compared to the resonator itself. We have investigated that the resonance peaks of the absorber arise from the combination of Fabry- Perot cavity modes and surface plasmon resonance modes. All the modes with increased spacer thickness are assigned with specific names describing the mode profiles. We have shown the application of perfect absorber as a refractive index sensor. It is used as a plasmonic sensor to detect the refractive index change of the chemical and biological samples. To increase the sensitivity, we have etched the dielectric spacer below the resonator, where electric field is localized and enhanced. We have found that the sensitivity (wavelength shift per refractive index change) and the Figure of Merit (FOM*) as an indicator of performance of the device both are enhanced significantly. We have employed metamaterial (MM) anti-reflection (AR) coating to avoid the shortcomings of the conventional thin film coating in three different cases of the structures. At first, we have deployed metamaterial Metal Disk Array (MDA) on the top of conventional coating material (BCB) with homogeneous substrate to enhance the transmission of EM wave. Then conventional AR coating is employed to the dispersive media (metal Hole Array) to enhance the transmission. We have shown that Impedance matched condition has been satisfied not only for homogeneous media, but for dispersive media also. At the end, we have employed the MM AR coating to the MM dispersive media (MHA). The two MM layers may interact with each other and may degrade the SPP wave of the MHA, which is essential to enhance the performance of the devices. To investigate the effect of interaction, we perform the simulation of the MDA, which shows that the resonance of the MDA is far from the antireflection resonance and hence the electric field of the SPP is significantly increased (~30%). With an improved retrieval method, the metasurface is proved to exhibit a high effective permittivity (εeff~30) and extremely low loss (tanδ~0.005). For all of the three AR structures, a classical thin film AR coating mechanism is identified through analytical derivations and numerical simulations. The properly designed εeff and μeff of the meta surface lead to the required phase and amplitude conditions for the AR coating, thereby paving the way for the improved performance of the optoelectronic devices. We have used MHA as a dispersive media to get extraordinary optical transmission (EOT). To understand the behavior of the SPP peaks, we have investigated the shifting and splitting of the spoof SPP resonance by varying the polar angle and azimuthal angle. The amplitude of extraordinary optical transmission also shows angle dependence and exhibits mirror-image or translational symmetries. Our measurements and simulations of the THz spoof SPP waves match very well with the theoretical predictions. The angle dependence results provide the important information for designing THz plasmonic devices in sensor and detector applications.

Les phénomènes vibratoires à haute fréquence dans les amortisseurs sont défavorables du point de vue de la qualité sonore du véhicule. Les efforts transmis de l’amortisseur à la caisse, situés dans une bande de fréquences entre 200 Hz et 800 Hz, sont responsables du bruit que l’on appelle « gloglottement ». Ce bruit nait dans l’amortisseur lorsque la voiture roule sur une route dégradée et se transmet à la caisse par voie solidienne. La compréhension du phénomène de gloglottement et sa prédiction nécessitent l’identification des mécanismes physiques qui vont générer des pics d’efforts et des vibrations hautes fréquences. Ceux-ci sont liés aux comportements de l’huile de l’amortisseur, des composants mécaniques internes et des interactions entre ces éléments. Les moyens mis en oeuvre pour cette étude sont d’une part le développement d’un modèle d’amortisseur qui prend en compte la modélisation de la dynamique des clapets, des effets de « stiction » des clapets, du frottement et des relations entre les pertes de charges et les débits. D’autre part, une campagne d’essais a permis de construire le modèle et de le valider. La simulation permet de reproduire les phénomènes physiques observés à la mesure et ainsi d’identifier les mécanismes à l’origine du bruit, comme l’ouverture du clapet à ressort et la « stiction » à l’ouverture du clapet anti-retour. La sensibilité de la réponse vibratoire haute fréquence du modèle vis-à-vis de ses paramètres est évaluée avec la méthode de Morris. De plus, des orientations sont données sur la valeur des paramètres de conception dans le but de minimiser les pics d’efforts générés par l’amortisseur. / High-frequency vibratory phenomena in shock absorbers are not suitable for the car sound quality. Forces (in the frequency range [200-800] Hz) transmitted from the shock absorber to the car body are responsible for the so-called "rattling noise". This structure-borne noise is starting from the shock absorber when the car drives over a rough road and is transmitted to the car body by structural transfer path. In order to understand and predict the phenomena, physical mechanisms generating high-frequency vibrations and peaks in the shock absorber response must be identified. These mechanisms are closely related to oil behaviour, internal mechanical components and interactions between all these elements. The present work consists on the one hand in modelling the shock absorber taking into account valve dynamics, valve stiction, friction and loss of pressure relations in the orifices. On the other hand, experimental shock absorber testing was conducted in order to build the model and to validate it. Model simulations reproduce observed phenomena in the experiments and helped us to identify the mechanisms leading to structure-borne noise, like spring valve opening and check-valve stiction. Sensitivity of the model response due to its input parameters was evaluated with Morris method. Moreover, some guidances are given in order to reduce the level of structure-borne noise generated by the shock absorber.

The waves traveling on the surface of the world’s oceans carry atremendous amount of energy. The ability to convert this energy forhuman use has the potential to help solves the worlds energy problem. Adirect-drive linear generator point absorber is a wave energy converter(WEC) that aims to reduce the complexity of the overall system andshelter the most vulnerable parts of the system by placing them on theseabed. This concept builds around the buoy moving up and down indifferent sea-states which leads to a correlating vertical movement of thestroke in the generator resulting in the conversion of mechanical energyto power. This report aims to explore the possibility to use the open codeWEC-Sim to model the Uppsala University direct-drive linear generatorWEC in extreme sea states and to identify the resulting extreme loads. Theconstructed WEC-Sim model constrained the buoys motion in heave andsurge and limited its range of motion by modeling the generators upperend-stop spring. Simulations were run for different sea-states and theresulting forces on the system were analyzed. The peak line force for thedifferent sea states was calculated and compared to previous studies. Theresults validated the model as they showed a good correlation for mostsea-states. It was only for larger significant wave heights that there was adivergence compared to the results in previous studies.

In this thesis, we deal with the design of a shock absorber variant for the type of main landing gear design of the aircraft WT10 Advantic. Then we focus on the design of the selected variant of the main landing gear. Next, we follow regulation CS-23 demands to calculate the load cases for the selected main lending gear. Then we design shock absorber based on the load during landing. We compile the equation of motion of the aircraft, which describes motion of the aircraft during landing, then we compute the equation. Finally, we focus on a stress analysis of the main landing gear and the shock absorber.

The master thesis deals with computational modeling of a turbocharger vibrations and and assessment of influnce of passive dynamic vibration absorber on vibrations of actuator bracket. The use of dynamic vibration absorber was summarized in the research study. The analysis were performed using finite element method in ANSYS. Several computational models of turbocharger were created with different ways of modeling bolted joints between turbocharger parts. Modal analysis of each model was performed and the results were compared. For the selected model, the response to the kinematic excitation from the internal combustion engine for two load conditions was calculated using harmonic analysis. A simple model of vibration dynamic absorber was applied to the turbocharger model with reduced degrees of freedom and its influnce on vibrations of actuator bracket was investigated. Significant decrease of the maximum acceleration amplitude was achieved in a given frequency range when absorber parameters were optimized.