A new generation of electronic devices has emerged requiring micro-watt-level power supply to operate. Thanks to micro-power processors and sensors, micro-power sources have become an attractive option for industry and research. This work is interested in micro-power sources that harvest vibrational energy by deploying electrostatic, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric transduction techniques. The output power of vibrational energy harvesters is in AC form, whereas electronic loads require known DC power supply to operate. Thus, there is a need for AC-DC conversion between harvesters and electronic loads to get DC power out of AC. Traditional full-wave bridge rectifiers and center-tapped transformer rectifiers are not feasible in micro-watt-level harvesters. Low output power undermines the power efficiency of those traditional rectifiers. Thus, novel, low power, high efficiency conversion circuits are required instead of traditional rectifiers. This goal is particularly challenging when it comes to electromagnetic energy harvesters since their output voltage is much lower than that of electrostatic and piezoelectric harvesters. In this work, we studied four different full-wave rectifiers; a silicon diode bridge rectifier, a Schottky diode bridge rectifier, a passive MOSFET rectifier, an an active MOSFET rectifier. Out of simulation results, we found the voltage and power efficiency of each rectifier. We found that MOSFET-type rectifiers are better than diode type rectifiers in terms of voltage and power efficiency. Both full-wave MOSFET rectifiers have about 99% voltage and power efficiency. There is only a small difference in power and voltage efficiency between the two MOSFET rectifier types below 600mV input voltage amplitude. Since active MOSFET rectifier has extra components and need of external DC supply to power its active devices, we concluded it was not good option for small scale harvester systems. We implemented the passive MOSFET rectifier, tested its performance in rectifying the output of an electromagnetic harvester, and analyzed its effects on the harvester performance. When we connected the MOSFET rectifier to the harvester it doubled the optimum load resistance from 24 Ohm to 48 Ohm. We also studied the rectifier effect on harvester's natural frequency, and it does not change much the natural frequency which means our rectifier acts like resistance, and we also calculated the power efficiency based on harvester test and we have maximum 74% power efficiency.

A new generation of electronic devices has emerged requiring micro-watt-level power supply to operate. Thanks to micro-power processors and sensors, micro-power sources have become an attractive option for industry and research. This work is interested in micro-power sources that harvest vibrational energy by deploying electrostatic, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric transduction techniques. The output power of vibrational energy harvesters is in AC form, whereas electronic loads require known DC power supply to operate. Thus, there is a need for AC-DC conversion between harvesters and electronic loads to get DC power out of AC. Traditional full-wave bridge rectifiers and center-tapped transformer rectifiers are not feasible in micro-watt-level harvesters. Low output power undermines the power efficiency of those traditional rectifiers. Thus, novel, low power, high efficiency conversion circuits are required instead of traditional rectifiers. This goal is particularly challenging when it comes to electromagnetic energy harvesters since their output voltage is much lower than that of electrostatic and piezoelectric harvesters. In this work, we studied four different full-wave rectifiers; a silicon diode bridge rectifier, a Schottky diode bridge rectifier, a passive MOSFET rectifier, an an active MOSFET rectifier. Out of simulation results, we found the voltage and power efficiency of each rectifier. We found that MOSFET-type rectifiers are better than diode type rectifiers in terms of voltage and power efficiency. Both full-wave MOSFET rectifiers have about 99% voltage and power efficiency. There is only a small difference in power and voltage efficiency between the two MOSFET rectifier types below 600mV input voltage amplitude. Since active MOSFET rectifier has extra components and need of external DC supply to power its active devices, we concluded it was not good option for small scale harvester systems. We implemented the passive MOSFET rectifier, tested its performance in rectifying the output of an electromagnetic harvester, and analyzed its effects on the harvester performance. When we connected the MOSFET rectifier to the harvester it doubled the optimum load resistance from 24 Ohm to 48 Ohm. We also studied the rectifier effect on harvester's natural frequency, and it does not change much the natural frequency which means our rectifier acts like resistance, and we also calculated the power efficiency based on harvester test and we have maximum 74% power efficiency.

This work demonstrates the capability of a power electronic based power hardware-inthe- loop (PHIL) platform to emulate electric machines for the purpose of a motor drive testbench with a particular focus on induction machine emulation. PHIL presents advantages over full-hardware testing of motor drives as the PHIL platform can save space and cost that comes from the physical construction of multiple electric machine test configurations. This thesis presents real-time models that were developed for the purpose of PHIL emulation. Additionally, real-time modeling considerations are presented as well as the modeling considerations that stem from implementing the model in a PHIL testbench. Next, the design and implementation of the PHIL testbench is detailed. This thesis describes the design of the interface inductor between the motor drive and the emulation platform. Additionally, practical implementation challenges such as common mode and ground loop noise are discussed and solutions are presented. Finally, experimental validation of the modeling and emulation of the induction machine is presented and the performance of the machine emulation testbench is discussed. / Master of Science / According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), electric power usage is increasing across all sectors, and particularly in the transportation sector [1]. This increase is apparent in one's daily life through the increase of electric vehicles on the road. Power electronics convert electricity in one form to electricity in another form. This conversion of power is playing an increasingly important role in society because examples of this conversion include converting the dc voltage of a battery to ac voltage in an electric car or the conversion of the ac power grid to dc to power a laptop. Additionally, even within an electric car, power converters transform the battery's electric power from a higher dc voltage into lower voltage dc power to supply the entertainment system and into ac power to drive the car's motor. The electrification of the transportation sector is leading to an increase in the amount of electric energy that is being consumed and processed through power electronics. As was illustrated in the previous examples of electric cars, the application of power electronics is very wide and thus requires different testbenches for the many different applications. While some industries are used to power electronics and testing converters, transportation electrification is increasing the number of companies and industries that are using power electronics and electric machines. As industry is shifting towards these new technologies, it is a prime opportunity to change the way that high power testing is done for electric machines and power converters. Traditional testing methods are potentially dangerous and lack the flexibility that is required to test a wide variety of machines and drives. Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) testing presents a safe and adaptable solution to high power testing of electric machines. Traditionally, electric machines were primarily used in heavy industry such as milling, processing, and pumping applications. These applications, and other applications such as an electric motor in a car or plane are called motor drive systems. Regardless of the particular application of the motor drive system, there are generally three parts: a dc source, an inverter, and the electric machine. In most applications, other than cars which have a dc battery, the dc source is a power electronic converter called a rectifier which converts ac electricity from the grid to dc for the motor drive. Next, the motor drive converts the dc electricity from the first stage to a controlled ac output to drive the electric machine. Finally, the electric machine itself is the final piece of the electrical system and converts the electrical energy to mechanical energy which can drive a fan, belt, or axle. The fact that this motor drive system can be generalized and applied to a wide range of applications makes its study particularly interesting. PHIL simplifies testing of these motor drive systems by allowing the inverter to connect directly to a machine emulator which is able to replicate a variety of loads. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the capability of PHIL to emulate both the induction machine load as well as the dc source by considering several rectifier topologies without any significant adjustments from the machine emulation platform. This thesis demonstrates the capabilities of the EGSTON Power Electronics GmbH COMPISO System Unit to emulate motor drive systems to allow for safer, more flexible motor drive system testing. The main goal of this thesis is to demonstrate an accurate PHIL emulation of a induction machine and to provide validation of the emulation results through comparison with an induction machine.

For many years batteries have been used as the main power sources for portable electronic devices. However, the rate of scaling in integrated circuits and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) has been much higher than that of the batteries technology. Therefore, a need to replace these temporary energy reservoirs with small sized continuously charged energy supply units has emerged. These units, named as energy harvesters, use several types of ambient energy sources such as heat, light, and vibration to provide energy to intelligent systems such as sensor nodes. Among the available types, vibration based electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesters are particularly interesting because of their simple structure and suitability for operation at low frequency values (&lt / 10 Hz), where most vibrations exits. However, since the generated EM power and voltage is relatively low at low frequencies, high performance interface electronics is required for efficiently transferring the generated power from the harvester to the load to be supplied. The aim of this study is to design low power and efficient interface electronics to convert the low voltage and low power generated signals of the EM energy harvesters to DC to be usable by a real application. The most critical part of such interface electronics is the AC/DC converter, since all the other blocks such as DC/DC converters, power managements units, etc. rely on the rectified voltage generated by this block. Due to this, several state-of-the-art rectifier structures suitable for energy harvesting applications have been studied. Most of the previously proposed rectifiers have low conversion efficiency due to the high voltage drop across the utilized diodes. In this study, two rectifier structures are proposed: one is a new passive rectifier using the Boot Strapping technique for reducing the diode turn-on voltage values / the other structure is a comparator-based ultra low power active rectifier. The proposed structures and some of the previously reported designs have been implemented in X-FAB 0.35 &micro / m standard CMOS process. The autonomous energy harvesting systems are then realized by integrating the developed ASICs and the previously proposed EM energy harvester modules developed in our research group, and these systems have been characterized under different electromechanical excitation conditions. In this thesis, five different systems utilizing different circuits and energy harvesting modules have been presented. Among these, the system utilizing the novel Boot Strap Rectifier is implemented within a volume of 21 cm3, and delivers 1.6 V, 80 &micro / A (128 &micro / W) DC power to a load at a vibration frequency of only 2 Hz and 72 mg peak acceleration. The maximum overall power density of the system operating at 2 Hz is 6.1 &micro / W/cm3, which is the highest reported value in the literature at this operation frequency. Also, the operation of a commercially available temperature sensor using the provided power of the energy harvester has been shown. Another system utilizing the comparator-based active rectifier implemented with a volume of 16 cm3, has a dual rail output and is able to drive a 1.46 V, 37 &micro / A load with a maximum power density of 6.03 &micro / W/cm3, operating at 8 Hz. Furthermore, a signal conditioning system for EM energy harvesting has also been designed and simulated in TSMC 90 nm CMOS process. The proposed ASIC includes a highly efficient AC-DC converter as well as a power processing unit which steps up and regulates the converted DC voltages using an on-chip DC/DC converter and a sub-threshold voltage regulator with an ultra low power management unit. The total power consumption on the totally passive IC is less than 5 &micro / W, which makes it suitable for next generation MEMS-based EM energy harvesters. In the frame of this study, high efficiency CMOS rectifier ICs have been designed and tested together with several vibration based EM energy harvester modules. The results show that the best efficiency and power density values have been achieved with the proposed energy harvesting systems, within the low frequency range, to the best of our knowledge. It is also shown that further improvement of the results is possible with the utilization of a more advanced CMOS technology.

Le développement des véhicules hybrides et électriques s’est intensifié ces dernières années, face aux problématiques environnementales et économiques. Afin que les performances de ces derniers soient comparables à celle d’un véhicule à moteur thermique, de nombreuses avancées technologiques sont indispensables. Le déploiement de véhicule entièrement à traction électrique, ne serait être réalisable, sans des infrastructures de recharge adaptées. Cette thèse constitue une contribution à l’étude d’un chargeur de batteries intégré au véhicule électrique, dans le cadre du projet SOFRACI.L'architecture de ce chargeur entièrement réversible sert également pour la traction du véhicule. L’utilisation de tous les éléments y compris le moteur de traction pour les deux fonctions, réduit l’encombrement et le coût de la structure. L’objectif principal consiste à modéliser le système de conversion alternatif-continu du chargeur et à établir les lois de commandes.Lors de la première phase de l’étude, une attention particulière a été portée à l’utilisation des enroulements de la machine en tant qu’inductance de filtrage du convertisseur. Un modèle correspondant à ce fonctionnement a été obtenu et a permis de mettre en évidence un couplage magnétique existant entre les diverses phases.En s’appuyant sur les modèles obtenues, la seconde étape a consisté à définir les stratégies de commande. Deux méthodes ont été employées. La première, par le biais d’une transformation a permis de se ramener dans un repère, où la majorité des termes de couplage ont été éliminés. Pour l’autre méthode, tous les éléments du couplage ont été considérés. Pour chacune de ces stratégies, des correcteurs PI et RST fondés sur le placement de pôles robustes ont été dimensionnés pour garantir la stabilité du système.Une part importante du travail a été consacrée à la réalisation d’un banc d’essai expérimental reconstituant la conversion alternative-continue. Compte tenu des différences de dynamiques des grandeurs asservies, une carte FPGA et un processeur ont été utilisés. L’exploitation de ce moyen d’essai a permis de comparer et de valider les lois de commande développées. / Environmental constraints and reduction of fossil fuels resources have led industrials and laboratories to search for alternative solutions in the transportation domain. For the last few years, several vehicles or planes functions have been gradually electrified, up to their complete electrification. This thesis presents an AC/DC converter integrated in an Electric Vehicle (EV) for the charger application. The conversion is realized by using the electric traction powertrain, in order to reduce the global cost and increase compactness where a specific motor has been design.During the first phase of the study, a model of the motor used as filtering inductances has been obtained and allowed to highlight an existing magnetic coupling between the motor’s phases.The second step was to define control strategies. Two methods were used. The first one, by a transformation allowed eliminating the majority of the coupling term. In the other method, all coupling elements have been considered. For each strategies, IP and RST controllers based on robust pole placement were designed to ensure system stability.An important part of the work was devoted to the realization of an experimental test bench for AC-DC conversion. A FPGA and a processor were used for control implementation. The control laws has been compared and validated thanks to the experimental platform.