Samples from three populations, Alcoholics Anonymous members, inpatient alcoholics and non-alcoholics, were compared for the level of manifestation of the need for socialized power and personalized power. The comparison of these groups on a Q sort technique developed for this study indicated that the sample of Alcoholics Anonymous members was significantly higher in the need for socialized power than either the sample of inpatient alcoholics or the sample of non-alcoholics. The level of socialized power concern of the inpatient alcoholic group did not differ significantly from that of the non-alcoholic group. The inpatient alcoholic group was found to be significantly higher in the need for personalized power than either the Alcoholics Anonymous sample or the non-alcoholic sample. The non-alcoholic group and the Alcoholics Anonymous group did not show a significant difference in the level of personalized power concern. The Alcoholics Anonymous group showed a significantly greater concern for socialized power over personalized power, as did the non-alcoholic sample. No significant difference between personalized power concerns and socialized power concerns was found for the inpatient alcoholic group.

Sexmissbrukets underliggande orsaker skiljer sig åt och detta beror på flera faktorer som exempelvis internet, alkohol och droger. Denna studie behandlar sexmissbrukets utveckling under åren 1990 till 2000. Studiens syfte är att visa på den samexistens som begreppet anses ha med andra missbruk som visas genom de faktorer som kommer att nämnas i studien. Studien som är en litteraturbaserad översikt bygger på sex artiklar och en rapport som analyserats utifrån systemteorin. Studien visar att sexmissbruk kan tolkas på olika sätt beroende på den målgrupp som kommer i kontakt med begreppet. Det centrala är att sexmissbruk ses som ett dolt problem och utvecklas genom samexistensen med alkohol och droger. Denna samexistens initieras under slutet av 1990-talet och det sker en drastisk ökning under 2000-talet. Det vi kan konstatera i studien är att resultatet av ökningen har ett direkt samband med utvecklingen och användningen av internet i kombination med alkohol och droger. Min slutsats är därmed att internet och cybersex i kombination med nämnda droger leder till den samexistens som studien visar på. Studien visar alltså på att faktorerna har ett samband med varandra och att sexmissbruk inte bara är ett missbruk, utan även multipla missbruk, ett blandmissbruk.

The phenomenon of addiction has been a subject of investigation for a number of academic disciplines, but little has been written about addiction from a philosophical perspective. This dissertation inserts philosophy into the conversations taking place within the multi-disciplinary field of “Addiction Studies.” It contends that the philosophical accounts of human action given by Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas provide means for an analysis of many of the conceptual confusions in the field of Addiction Studies, including those surrounding the concepts of choice, compulsion, and habit. It argues that the category of habit in these two thinkers is richer and more complex than contemporary conceptions of habit and that the category of habit in its Aristotelian and Thomistic guises is indispensable for charting an intelligible path between the muddled polarities that construe addiction as either a disease or a type of willful misconduct. Furthermore, it suggests that recognizing the distance between Aristotle’s social context and the modern social context affords powerful insight into the character of modern addiction, and that an exploration of the parallels between the habit of addiction and Aquinas’s development of the habit of charity offers suggestive inroads for thinking about addiction as a moral strategy for integrated and purposive action.

The years following World War II symbolized a new beginning for the United States. While at the height of global power, Americans founds that they were able to experience a leisurely existence where items, desired instead of necessary, could be purchased by almost anyone. This increased prosperity, however, also caused a rise in the number of addicts that included not only the hard-core drug users, but "junkies" who were addicted to filling the emptiness within through the use of illegal drugs to television to sex in order to do so. This dissertation examines the phenomenon of the rise of addicts following World War II, using the literature of addiction in order to elucidate the reasoning behind this surge. Contemporary American authors formed a new genre of writing, "junkie literature," which chronicles the rise of addiction and juxtaposes questions of identity and the use of "junk." Burroughs's Junky and Trocchi's Cain's Book are among the first to represent the shift in the postwar years between earlier narratives of addiction and the rise of junkie literature through an erasure of previously held beliefs that addiction was the result of a moral vice rather than a disease. Jim Carroll's The Basketball Diaries, Ann Marlowe's How to Stop Time: Heroin from A to Z, and Linda Yablonsky's The Story of Junk continue this trend of semi-autobiographical writing in an effort to show the junkie's identity in society, as well as the way addiction mirrors capitalism and consumerism as a whole. Finally, Hubert Selby's Requiem for a Dream, Bret Easton Ellis's Less than Zero, and John Updike's Rabbit at Rest explore a different kind of junk addiction, focusing on the use of television, diet pills, sex, cocaine, and food to fill an ineffable void inside that the characters of the novels find themselves unable to articulate. Using Julia Kristeva's theory of abjection, as well as various socio-historical critics, this dissertation investigates the rise of addiction narratives in the postwar years, linking the questions of identity to consumerism in contemporary American culture.

Thesis (M.D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1972. / Typescript.

Thesis (M.D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1966. / Typewritten.

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Background: Despite its exclusion in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Internet addiction disorder (IAD) has received attention especially from the psychiatric community. Associated with multiple factors, IAD among adolescents may cause physical, emotional, social, and function impairments that extend to adulthood. Objective: This systematic review explores the prevalence of IAD among adolescents and identifies associated factors. Methods: The databases of Medline and PubMed were searched for related literature through the Boolean Advanced Search using the keywords “Internet” or “cyber,” “addiction” or “dependence,” and “adolescent” or “youth” from 2003 to 2013. A total of 232 articles were retrieved and screened. Only 11 cross-sectional studies from 5 countries were included in this systematic review. The age of adolescent participants in these studies ranged from 13.8 to 17.3 years. Four assessments were employed to explore IAD among adolescents in the 11 reviewed studies. Among these studies, 4 employed the Young’s Internet Addiction (IA) Test, 4 utilized the Chen IA Scale, 2 studies used the Internet-Related Addiction Scale, and one study adhered to the Young’s DRM 52 Scale of Internet use among adolescents. Results: The prevalence of IAD among adolescents range from 1.5% to 18.8%. In this review, factors associated with high prevalence of IAD among adolescents include psychological (e.g., depression, attention deficiency, and hyperactivity disorder), social (e.g., family conflict),and demographic factors (e.g., male gender and older age), as well as use of the Internet (e.g., longer use of the Internet, online chatting, and gaming). Conclusions: With the increasing use of the Internet in managing daily activities, including learning, communication, and entertainment, it has become an essential part of human living in the modern world. The negative effects of IAD among adolescents might result in high healthcare cost, particularly in psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation. Thus, prevention of IAD at the early stage and promotion of healthy use of the Internet are important in safeguarding the mental wellness of people. The result of this review showed the prevalence of IAD among adolescents is associated with psychological, socio-demographic, environmental and living factors. Primary preventive education that focuses on the healthy use of the Internet and guidance could be promoted among adolescents and parents at the school and community levels, respectively. Moreover, secondary prevention programs that concentrate on the early prevention and identification of IAD and specifically designed for the at-risk group could be launched. Extra resources for the employment of counseling personnel should be considered. Future research on the at-risk group population of IAD among adolescents could be conducted. These initiatives could assist in designing a tailor-made intervention, and eventually in preventing the early onset of IAD. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

The behavioural and neurological effects of excessive sucrose intake overlap with those of abused drugs, suggesting that sucrose bingeing should be categorized with addictive disorders. Behaviorally, a primary characteristic of drug addiction is compulsive responding, manifested as an inability to inhibit drug intake despite negative consequences. We examined whether excessive sucrose self-administration produces these behavioural patterns using a validated rat model of sucrose bingeing (Avena et al., 2008) and investigated potential neurophysiological correlates with brain slice electrophysiology. Rats (n = 8-16 per group) received 12 or 24 hour access to a 10% sucrose solution and food, while control groups received food only or a 0.1% saccharin solution with food, each day for 28 days. Sucrose/saccharin/food consumption and weight were recorded daily. Compulsive responding for sucrose was assessed one or 28 days after the final self-administration session using a conditioned suppression paradigm. Persistent responding in the presence of a cue (tone) predicting a negative outcome (0.5 mA footshock) was used as a measure of compulsive responding. Only rats given 12-hour access to sucrose developed a binge pattern of intake, in which solution consumption increased dramatically during the first hour of each session. This group also developed compulsive responding for sucrose, exhibiting a reduced conditioned suppression effect following both one day and 28 days of abstinence. At a neural level, there was a switch in direction (from reduction to enhancement) in dopaminergic (DA) modulation of GABA synaptic transmission in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (ovBNST) of rats that developed a binge pattern of sucrose intake. This switch was similar to that recently observed in rats displaying enhanced motivation to self-administer cocaine. Therefore, excessive intermittent sucrose consumption produces compulsive responding and this shift from controlled to compulsive intake may involve the same neural mechanisms that underlie excessive cocaine self-administration. / Thesis (Master, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-28 09:28:10.705

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