Consumers of topical formulations apply a wide spectrum of preparations, both cosmetic and dermatological, to their healthy or diseased skin. These formulations range in physicochemical nature from solid through semisolid to liquid. Pharmaceutical foams are pressurized dosage forms containing one or more active ingredients that, upon valve actuation, emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials in a gaseous medium. Foam formulations are generally easier to apply, are less dense, and spread more easily than other topical dosage forms. Foams may be formulated in various ways to provide emollient or drying functions to the skin, depending on the formulation constituents. Therefore, this delivery technology should be a useful addition to the spectrum of formulations available for topical use; however, as yet, only a few are commercially available. Probably the most convincing argument for the use of foams is ease of use by the patient, and consumer acceptance. Most foam dosage forms used in dermatology to date have incorporated corticosteroids, although some products have also been used to deliver antiseptics, antifungal agents, anti-inflammatory agents, local anesthetic agents, skin emollients, and protectants. Although there is no clinical evidence that foam formulations are currently superior to other conventional delivery vehicles, these formulations have a clear application advantage and with continued developments in the science of supersaturation technology, it seems certain that foam delivery systems will retain their place in the dermatological and cosmetic armamentarium.

In order to detect movements and vibrations on different appliance, especially robots and self-going devices are used different sensors. One of the most used movement sensors are accelerometers. They are three different types of accelerometers one-axes, two-axes and three-axes. They can be analogue or digital. Husqvarna AB uses an accelerometer to detect movements of their self-going lawnmower Automower. Since it begins to turn up others sensors on the market and the sensor which today uses in Husqvarna’s lawnmower don’t fulfils all functions there is a need to find other solutions. What sensors can be found on a market and which new has come? How can they be used best and which difference is between them? How can they use to detect movements in x, y and z direction and how can they read different movements to detect collision, inclination and lift? Sensor analysis will be done to find out how they can be used in this matter and an big analysis will be done to find out how a sensor witch already is in a lawnmower can be use on the better ways? / För att kunna detektera rörelse och vibrationer på olika anordningar och framförallt robotar och självgående maskiner används olika sensorer. En av de mest använda rörelsesensorer är accelerometer. Det finns en uppsjö av olika utföringar som kan vara med en axel, två axlar eller tre axlar. Accelerometrar finns som digitala eller analoga. Husqvarna AB använder en sådan sensor för att detektera rörelse på sin självgående gräsklippare Automower. Eftersom det börjar dyka upp andra sensorer på marknaden och den sensor som används idag uppfyller inte alla funktioner finns det behov av att lägga tid på att se vad kan åstadkommas med en sådan sensor. Vilka sensorer kan hittas på marknaden och vilka nya har dykt upp? Hur kan de användas på bästa sätt och vad skiljer de åt? Hur kan de användas för att detektera rörelse i x, y, z-led och hur kan de läsa av olika rörelse för att detektera krock, lutning och lyft? Det skall göras analys för att se hur olika sensorer reagerar och hur kan de användas på bästa sätt. Det skall utforskas hur den sensor som redan sitter kan användas på ett bättre sätt.

<p>In order to detect movements and vibrations on different appliance, especially robots and self-going devices are used different sensors. One of the most used movement sensors are accelerometers. They are three different types of accelerometers one-axes, two-axes and three-axes. They can be analogue or digital. Husqvarna AB uses an accelerometer to detect movements of their self-going lawnmower Automower. Since it begins to turn up others sensors on the market and the sensor which today uses in Husqvarna’s lawnmower don’t fulfils all functions there is a need to find other solutions. What sensors can be found on a market and which new has come? How can they be used best and which difference is between them? How can they use to detect movements in x, y and z direction and how can they read different movements to detect collision, inclination and lift? Sensor analysis will be done to find out how they can be used in this matter and an big analysis will be done to find out how a sensor witch already is in a lawnmower can be use on the better ways?</p> / <p>För att kunna detektera rörelse och vibrationer på olika anordningar och framförallt robotar och självgående maskiner används olika sensorer. En av de mest använda rörelsesensorer är accelerometer. Det finns en uppsjö av olika utföringar som kan vara med en axel, två axlar eller tre axlar. Accelerometrar finns som digitala eller analoga. Husqvarna AB använder en sådan sensor för att detektera rörelse på sin självgående gräsklippare Automower. Eftersom det börjar dyka upp andra sensorer på marknaden och den sensor som används idag uppfyller inte alla funktioner finns det behov av att lägga tid på att se vad kan åstadkommas med en sådan sensor. Vilka sensorer kan hittas på marknaden och vilka nya har dykt upp? Hur kan de användas på bästa sätt och vad skiljer de åt? Hur kan de användas för att detektera rörelse i x, y, z-led och hur kan de läsa av olika rörelse för att detektera krock, lutning och lyft? Det skall göras analys för att se hur olika sensorer reagerar och hur kan de användas på bästa sätt. Det skall utforskas hur den sensor som redan sitter kan användas på ett bättre sätt.</p>

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar retrospectivamente o significado da interseção de dois fenômenos sociomodernos. Em primeiro lugar, a epidemia de HIV/AIDS (Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida), com suas características históricas pouco usuais e alta letalidade; e, por outro lado, a intrusão de leis de propriedade intelectual na sociedade, como o Acordo TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects), com amplas repercussões sobre a saúde pública assim como sobre o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico dos países, sendo aqui tratados especificamente os casos de Brasil e México. Ambos os países modificaram suas leis de propiedade intelectual (LPI) para implementar o Acordo TRIPS (e, no caso do México, também o NAFTA) nas últimas duas décadas, levando a patamares mais elevados de proteção de propriedade intelectual no México, quando comparado ao Brasil. Estas mudanças, porém, podem ter contribuído, no caso do México, para um menor rendimento e eficácia do seu programa de combate à epidemia de AIDS/HIV já que, para dar uma cobertura mais adequada de tratamento com medicamentos antirretrovirais (ARVs) para sua população, teve que enfrentar maiores dificuldades para sua aquisição. / This work analyzed retrospectively the meaning of the intersection of two modern social phenomena. Firstly, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), with its unusual historical characteristics and high lethality; and , on the other hand, the intrusion of intellectual property laws in society as the TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects) Agreement, that has far-reaching consequences on public health as well as on the economic and technological development of countries, and here we treated specifically the cases of Brazil and Mexico. Both countries changed their intellectual property laws to implement the TRIPS Agreement (and in the case of Mexico also NAFTA) during the last two decades, leading to higher levels of intellectual property protection in Mexico compared to Brazil. However these changes may have contributed in the case of Mexico to a lower performance and effectiveness of its programme to combat the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, since to give a more adequate coverage of treatment with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for its population, had to face major difficulties for the purchase of these medicines.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar retrospectivamente o significado da interseção de dois fenômenos sociomodernos. Em primeiro lugar, a epidemia de HIV/AIDS (Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida), com suas características históricas pouco usuais e alta letalidade; e, por outro lado, a intrusão de leis de propriedade intelectual na sociedade, como o Acordo TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects), com amplas repercussões sobre a saúde pública assim como sobre o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico dos países, sendo aqui tratados especificamente os casos de Brasil e México. Ambos os países modificaram suas leis de propiedade intelectual (LPI) para implementar o Acordo TRIPS (e, no caso do México, também o NAFTA) nas últimas duas décadas, levando a patamares mais elevados de proteção de propriedade intelectual no México, quando comparado ao Brasil. Estas mudanças, porém, podem ter contribuído, no caso do México, para um menor rendimento e eficácia do seu programa de combate à epidemia de AIDS/HIV já que, para dar uma cobertura mais adequada de tratamento com medicamentos antirretrovirais (ARVs) para sua população, teve que enfrentar maiores dificuldades para sua aquisição. / This work analyzed retrospectively the meaning of the intersection of two modern social phenomena. Firstly, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), with its unusual historical characteristics and high lethality; and , on the other hand, the intrusion of intellectual property laws in society as the TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects) Agreement, that has far-reaching consequences on public health as well as on the economic and technological development of countries, and here we treated specifically the cases of Brazil and Mexico. Both countries changed their intellectual property laws to implement the TRIPS Agreement (and in the case of Mexico also NAFTA) during the last two decades, leading to higher levels of intellectual property protection in Mexico compared to Brazil. However these changes may have contributed in the case of Mexico to a lower performance and effectiveness of its programme to combat the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, since to give a more adequate coverage of treatment with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for its population, had to face major difficulties for the purchase of these medicines.

This thesis deals with the system Mini One Stop Shop and its implementation in IS of Financial Administration of the Czech Republic (ADIS). The first part describes the concept of the Mini One Stop Shop including basic concepts and related legislative documents. In the next part, were analyzed of the current conditions of the Financial administration of the Czech Republic in the area of IS / ICT in order to define a baseline for the implementation of MOSS payments area. The main outcome of this thesis is to design implementation of MOSS payments area in ADIS, which is composed of a detailed process analysis, catalog of functional requirements and an example of a specific analytical design for the selected functional requirements. The main contribution of this work is to link the general principles and requirements of MOSS that are defined uniformly for all EU Member States, with the principles and procedures implemented in the ADIS result in a the design implementation of MOSS payments area.

This diploma thesis deals with processing of measured data from inertial navigation system in order these could be used for stabilization. There is general information about aerial vehicles called copters with emphasis on four-rotor construction called quadrocopter at first. Then mathematical model of quadrocopter in state space form is derived, the particular implementation of university developed quadrocopter is described and the design of data processing algorithm is presented with measured results. Finally achieved results are discussed.