Recently, global meat market is facing several dramatic changes due to shifting in diet and life style, consumer demands, and economical considerations. Firstly, there was a tremendous increase in the poultry meat demand. Furthermore, current forecast and projection studies pointed out that the expansion of the poultry market will continue in future. In response to this demand, there was a great success to increase growth rate of meat-type chickens in the last few decades in order to optimize the production of poultry meat. Accordingly, the increase of growth rate induced the appearance of several muscle abnormalities such as pale-soft-exudative (PSE) syndrome and deep-pectoral-myopathy (DPM) and more recently white striping and wooden breast. Currently, there is growing interest in meat industry to understand how much the magnitude of the effect of these abnormalities on different quality traits for raw and processed meat. Therefore, the major part of the research activities during the PhD project was dedicated to evaluate the different implications of recent muscle abnormalities such as white striping and wooden breast on meat quality traits and their incidence under commercial conditions. Generally, our results showed that the incidence of these muscle abnormalities was very high under commercial conditions and had great adverse impact on meat quality traits. Secondly, there is growing market share of convenient, healthy, and functional processed meat products. Accordingly, the remaining part of research activities of the PhD project was dedicated to evaluate the possibility to formulate processed meat products with higher perceived healthy profile such as phosphate free-marinated chicken meat and low sodium-marinated rabbit meat products. Overall all findings showed that sodium bicarbonate can be considered as promising component to replace phosphates in meat products, while potassium chloride under certain conditions was successfully used to produce low marinated rabbit meat products.

The thesis aims to expose the advances achieved in the practices of captive breeding of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Aspects investigated concern both approaches livestock (breeding selection, response to hormonal stimulation, reproductive performance, incubation of eggs) and physiological aspects (endocrine plasma profiles of players), as well as engineering aspects. Studies conducted on various populations of wild eel have shown that the main determining factor in the selection of wild females destined to captive breeding must be the Silver Index which may determine the stage of pubertal development. The hormonal induction protocol adopted, with increasing doses of carp pituitary extract, it has proven useful to ovarian development, with a synchronization effect that is positively reflected on egg production. The studies on the effects of photoperiod show how the condition of total darkness can positively influence practices of reproductions in captivity. The effects of photoperiod were also investigated at the physiological level, observing the plasma levels of steroids ( E2, T) and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and the expression in the liver of vitellogenin (vtg1 and vtg2) and estradiol membrane receptor (ESR1). From the comparison between spontaneous deposition and insemination techniques through the stripping is inferred as the first ports to a better qualitative and quantitative yield in the production of eggs capable of being fertilized, also the presence of a percentage of oocytes completely transparent can be used to obtain eggs at a good rate of fertility. Finally, the design and implementation of a system for recirculating aquaculture suited to meet the needs of species-specific eel showed how to improve the reproductive results, it would be preferable to adopt low-flow and low density incubation. / L’elaborato presentato si propone di esporre gli avanzamenti conseguiti nelle pratiche di riproduzione in cattività dell’anguilla europea (Anguilla anguilla). Gli aspetti indagati riguardano sia approcci zootecnici (selezione riproduttori, risposta a stimolazione ormonale, performance riproduttive, incubazione di uova) sia aspetti fisiologici (profili endocrini plasmatici dei riproduttori), nonché aspetti ingegneristici. Gli studi condotti sulle diverse popolazioni selvatiche di anguilla hanno evidenziato come il principale fattore discriminante nella selezione delle femmine selvatiche da destinare alla riproduzione in cattività deve essere il Silver Index che ne può determinare, a partire caratteri morfo-metrici e con un chiaro grado di precisione, lo stadio di sviluppo puberale. Il protocollo di induzione ormonale adottato, con dosi crescenti di estratto ipofisario di carpa, si è dimostrato utile allo sviluppo ovarico, con un effetto di sincronizzazione che si è positivamente riflesso sulla produzione di uova. Gli studi sugli effetti del fotoperiodo dimostrano come la condizione di totale buio, nelle vasche di mantenimento dei riproduttori, condizioni positivamente le pratiche di riproduzioni in cattività.. Gli effetti del fotoperiodo sono stati indagati anche a livello fisiologico, osservando i livelli plasmatici di steroidi (E2, T) e ormoni tiroidei (T3 e T4) nonché l’espressione a livello epatico dello vitellogenine (vtg1 e vtg2) e del recettore di membrana dell’estradiolo (esr1). Dalla comparazione fra deposizione spontanea e tecniche di inseminazione attraverso lo stripping si è dedotto come la prima porti ad una migliore resa qualitativa e quantitativa nella produzione di uova atte ad essere fecondate, inoltre la presenza di una percentuale di ovociti completamente trasparenti può essere utilizzato per ottenere le uova ad un buon tasso di fertilità. Infine, il design e la messa in opera di un impianto a ricircolo per l’acquacoltura adatto a soddisfare le necessità specie-specifiche dell’anguilla ha mostrato come per migliorare i risultati riproduttivi, sarebbe preferibile adottare basso flusso e bassa densità incubazione.

The PhD project was focused on the study of the poultry welfare conditions and improvements. The project work was divided into 3 main research activities. A) Field evaluation of chicken meat rearing conditions kept in intensive farms. Considering the lack of published reports concerning the overall Italian rearing conditions of broiler chickens, a survey was carried out to assess the welfare conditions of broiler reared in the most important poultry companies in Italy to verify if they are in accordance with the advices given in the European proposal COM (2005) 221 final. Chicken farm conditions, carcass lesions and meat quality were investigated. 1. The densities currently used in Italy are in accordance with the European proposal COM 221 final (2005) which suggests to keep broilers at a density lower than 30-32 kg live weight/m2 and to not exceed 38-40 kg live weight/m2. 2. The mortality rates in summer and winter agree with the mortality score calculated following the formula reported in the EU Proposal COM 221 final (2005). 3. The incidence of damaged carcasses was very low and did not seem related to the stocking density. 4. The FPD scores were generally above the maximum limit advised by the EU proposal COM 221 final (2005), although the stocking densities were lower than 30-32 kg live weight per m2. 5. It can be stated that the control of the environmental conditions, particularly litter quality, appears a key issue to control the onset of foot dermatitis. B) Manipulation of several farm parameters, such litter material and depth, stocking density and light regimen to improve the chicken welfare conditions, in winter season. 1. Even though 2 different stocking densities were established in this study, the performances achieved from the chickens were almost identical among groups. 2. The FCR was significantly better in Standard conditions contrarily to birds reared in Welfare conditions with lower stocking density, more litter material and with a light program of 16 hours light and 8 hours dark. 3. In our trial, in Standard groups we observed a higher content of moisture, nitrogen and ammonia released from the litter. Therefore it can be assumed that the environmental characteristics have been positively changed by the improvements of the rearing conditions adopted for Welfare groups. 4. In Welfare groups the exhausted litters of the pens were dryer and broilers showed a lower occurrence of FPD. 5. The prevalence of hock burn lesions, like FPD, is high with poor litter quality conditions. 6. The combined effect of a lower stocking density, a greater amount of litter material and a photoperiod similar to the natural one, have positively influenced the chickens welfare status, as a matter of fact the occurrence of FPD in Welfare groups was the lowest keeping the score under the European threshold of the proposal COM 221 final(2005). C) The purpose of the third research was to study the effect of high or low stocking density of broiler chickens, different types of litter and the adoption of short or long lighting regimen on broiler welfare through the evaluation of their productivity and incidence of foot pad dermatitis during the hot season. 1. The feed efficiency was better for the Low Density than for High Density broilers. 2. The appearance of FPD was not influenced by stocking density. 3. The foot examination revealed that the lesions occurred more in birds maintained on chopped wheat straw than on wood shaving. 4. In conclusion, the adoptions of a short light regimen similar to that occurring in nature during summer reduces the feed intake without modify the growth rate thus improving the feed efficiency. Foot pad lesion were not affected neither by stocking densities nor by light regimens whereas wood shavings exerted a favourable effect in preserving foot pad in good condition. D) A study was carried out to investigate more widely the possible role of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplemented in the diet of a laying hen commercial strain (Lohmann brown) in comparison of diets supplemented with D3 or with D3 + 25- hydroxycholecalciferol. Egg traits during a productive cycle as well as the bone characteristics of the layers have been as well evaluated to determine if there the vitamin D3 may enhance the welfare status of the birds. 1. The weight of the egg and of its components is often greater in hens fed a diet enriched with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. 2. Since eggs of treated groups are heavier and a larger amount of shell is needed, a direct effect on shell strength is observed. 3. At 30 and at 50 wk of age hens fed 25 hydroxycholecalciferol exhibited greater values of bone breaking force. 4. Radiographic density values obtained in the trial are always higher in hens fed with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol of both treatments: supplemented for the whole laying cycle (25D3) or from 40 weeks of age onward (D3+25D3).

The aim of this thesis was to investigate some important key factors able to promote the prospected growth of the aquaculture sector. The limited availability of fishmeal and fish oil led the attention of the aquafeed industry to reduce the dependency on marine raw materials in favor of vegetable ingredients. In Chapter 2, we reported the effects of fishmeal replacement by a mixture of plant proteins in turbot (Psetta maxima L.) juveniles. At the end of the trial, it was found that over the 15% plant protein inclusion can cause stress and exert negative effects on growth performance and welfare. Climate change aroused the attention of the aquafeed industry toward the production of specific diets capable to counteract high temperatures. In Chapter 3, we investigated the most suitable dietary lipid level for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) reared at Mediterranean summer temperature. In this trial, it was highlighted that 18% dietary lipid allows a protein sparing effect, thus making the farming of this species economically and environmentally more sustainable. The introduction of new farmed fish species makes necessary the development of new species-specific diets. In Chapter 4, we assessed growth response and feed utilization of common sole (Solea solea L.) juveniles fed graded dietary lipid levels. At the end of the trial, it was found that increasing dietary lipids over 8% led to a substantial decline in growth performance and feed utilization indices. In Chapter 5, we investigated the suitability of mussel meal as alternative ingredient in diets for common sole juveniles. Mussel meal proved to be a very effective alternative ingredient for enhancing growth performance, feed palatability and feed utilization in sole irrespectively to the tested inclusion levels. This thesis highlighted the importance of formulating more specific diets in order to support the aquaculture growth in a sustainable way.

The purpose of the PhD research was the identification of new strategies of farming and processing, with the aim to improve the nutritional and technological characteristics of poultry meat. Part of the PhD research was focused on evaluation of alternative farming systems, with the aim to increase animal welfare and to improve the meat quality and sensorial characteristics in broiler chickens. It was also assessed the use of innovative ingredients for marination of poultry meat (sodium bicarbonate and natural antioxidants) The research was developed by studying the following aspects: - Meat quality characteristics, oxidative stability and sensorial traits of chicken meat obtained from two different farming systems: free range vs conventional; - Meat quality traits of frozen chicken breast pre-salted using increasing concentrations of sodium chloride; - Use of sodium bicarbonate in comparison with sodium trypolyphosphate for marination of broiler breast meat and phase; - Marination with thyme and orange essential oils mixture to improve chicken meat quality traits, susceptibility to lipid oxidation and sensory traits. The following meat quality traits analyseswere performed: Colour, pH, water holding capacity by conventional (gravimetric methods, pressure application, centrifugation and cooking) and innovative methods (low-field NMR and DSC analysis) ability to absorb marinade soloutions, texture (shear force using different probes and texture profile analysis), proximate analysis (moisture, proteins, lipids, ash content, collagen, fatty acid), susceptibility to lipid oxidation (determinations of reactive substances with thiobarbituric acid and peroxide value), sensorial analysis (triangle test and consumer test).

In questa tesi sono illustrate alcune sperimentazioni finalizzate alla standardizzazione del ciclo produttivo della sogliola comune (Solea solea) in cattività. E’ stato creato un parco di riproduttori selvatici ed è stata standardizzata la riproduzione ad un livello compatibile con la realtà produttiva del settore. Indagini genetiche di assegnazione parentale hanno evidenziato come alcuni esemplari siano stati predominanti negli accoppiamenti e nel conseguente contributo alla generazione della prole. Ciò ha determinato una diminuzione della variabilità genetica dei discendenti. La composizione quali-quantitativa degli acidi grassi delle uova è stata correlata con la sopravvivenza larvale nel corso di un’intera stagione riproduttiva. Tale composizione non ha subito importanti variazioni su scala temporale e sembra essere stata influenzata dall’alimentazione somministrata ai riproduttori nel periodo precedente alla riproduzione. Le analisi di interazione tra momento riproduttivo e qualità delle uova hanno confermato che è stato possibile ottenere uova di buona qualità in termini di sopravvivenza larvale nel corso di tutta la stagione riproduttiva. Larve di sogliola sono state svezzate precocemente 13 giorni dopo la schiusa riducendo l’impiego di cibo vivo a favore di micro diete commerciali. Tale svezzamento ha ridotto le performance di accrescimento, ma non la sopravvivenza e lo sviluppo della metamorfosi quando comparati ad un trattamento standard. La riduzione del cibo vivo ha ottimizzato i costi di produzione e migliorato l’igiene in vasca. L’ontogenesi di precursori di enzimi digestivi è stata determinata tramite PCR quantitativa. I risultati di espressione di tripsinogeno, chimotripsinogeno e amilasi hanno mostrato come tali enzimi rivestano un ruolo chiave nei processi digestivi delle prime fasi larvali. Esemplari giovanili hanno ottenuto un significativo maggiore indice di accrescimento e migliore indice di conversione quando alimentati con diete sperimentali contenenti un elevato tenore proteico. Un aumento dell’incidenza di vacuoli lipidici a livello epatico è stato osservato all’aumentare del tenore proteico della dieta. / The Thesis describes some experiments aimed at standardized the production cycle of common sole (Solea solea) in captivity. A wild broodstock was established and reproduction was set up in order to be comparable with a commercial hatchery. Genetics analyses of parentage assessment showed, as few specimens have been predominant in breeding behavior and in the offspring contribution. Loss of genetic variability was observed from parents to offspring. The qualitative and quantitative composition of eggs fatty acid was correlated with larval survival during an entire spawning season. This composition did not show important variation during time and seems to have been affected from the food supplied to broodstock before the spawning seasons. Analysis of interaction between breeding time and eggs quality confirmed that it was possible to obtain good eggs quality in term of larval survival overall the reproductive period. Larvae were weaned at 13 days post hatching (dph) using commercial microdiets while reducing live-feed utilization. A very early weaning affects growth performance but not survival rate and metamorphosis development compared to a standard treatment. A shorter live feed utilization improved tank hygiene and reduced production costs. Molecular ontogeny of digestive enzymes precursors was determinate by quantitative PCR. The results of trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen and amylase mRNA expression showed as these enzymes play a key role in the digestive processes of the first larval stages. Juveniles have obtained a significant higher specific growth rate and better feed conversion rate when fed experimental diet containing high protein content. Increased incidence of lipid droplets in hepatocytes was observed when dietary protein levels increased.