Prejudice and discrimination against people infected with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is widespread. A significant body of research has examined what personality and demographic characteristics appear to be related to discriminatory behavior, in an attempt to suggest who might be more likely to express prejudicial attitudes and discrimination against people with AIDS. This study tested two causal models which attempted to verify existing theories explaining the influences of demographic and attitudinal factors on the evaluation of a person with AIDS. Specifically, these models sought to answer questions related to what personality characteristics and demographic information are most important to AIDS educators and counselors when examining prejudice and discrimination towards persons with AIDS. Three hundred university undergraduates participated in the study. Structural equations modeling was used to analyze the extent to which the models fit the data. Results showed that both models adequately explained the data, with the model establishing a direct causal link between homophobic attitudes and AIDSbased prejudice as the preferred model. Alternative models were also considered in a post-hoc fashion. Implications of the results are discussed, with specific emphasis given to the potential ramifications to further research, counseling practice, and AIDS education. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Understanding the incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS is important in addressing the ongoing epidemic. Understanding which factors influence the rate of transmission of the virus is critical in attempting to contain and ultimately eradicate the disease. Determining which factors influence a person’s decision to disclose his/her positive status to others, particularly the sexual partner, is essential in understanding this complex process and thereby improving disclosure rates. The aim of the study was to investigate which factors influence the disclosure of someone’s HIV positive status. The objectives were to determine whether aspects such as socio-demographic factors, stigma and discrimination, religion, culture, fear of abandonment and rejection as well as knowledge of the disease influences disclosure rates. These objectives were met through an in-depth descriptive correlational research design with a quantitative approach. The target population (N = 1200/100%) consisted of all the HIV infected clients who attended a Community Health Clinic (CHC) for HIV management in the Cape Metropolitan area. The convenience sampling method was used to select the sample of participants (n = 150/12.5%) who met the criteria and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used consisting of mainly closed-ended questions, with a limited number of open-ended questions. Ethics approval for the study was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University. Permission was obtained from the City of Cape Town: City Health, to conduct the research. Informed consent was obtained from each participant. Reliability and validity were supported by a pilot study which was conducted on (n=15/10%) of participants at this CHC to assure the feasibility of the study. The data was analysed with the support of a statistician and was presented with histograms and frequency tables. Statistical associations were determined between the various variables. The qualitative data obtained from the open-ended questions were grouped in trends and analysed thematically and then these trends were quantified. The results show that there are numerous factors which influenced HIV status disclosure. The fear of stigmatisation was identified as a factor which influences HIV disclosure to others, especially among the male participants. The results revealed that this was the major reason for delayed or non-disclosure, as well as the fear of rejection and blame. The results showed that awareness of the sexual partner’s HIV status remained relatively low (n = 64/43%), with awareness of the partner’s status highest among married participants. The recommendations were to assure that HIV positive individuals have access to support groups and are given an opportunity to attend multiple counselling sessions. Community based initiatives are needed to reduce stigmatisation of individuals with HIV and to improve access to social support systems. It was concluded that disclosure is a multifaceted process and one particular factor does not necessarily influence disclosure of a HIV positive status but most often a combination of factors. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is belangrik om die verspreiding en voorkoms van MIV/VIGS te verstaan om die gesprek rondom die voortdurende epidemie aan te roer. Kennis van watter faktore die snelheid beïnvloed waarteen die virus oorgedra word, is krities in ’n poging om dit onder beheer te hou en uiteindelik uit te wis. Om te bepaal watter faktore ’n mens se besluit beïnvloed om jou positiewe status van MIV aan andere bekend te maak, veral aan ’n seksuele maat, is dit belangrik om die kompleksiteit van die proses te begryp en sodoende die pas van bekendmaking te verbeter. Die doel van die studie is om te bepaal watter faktore beïnvloed die bekendmaking van ’n MIV positiewe status. Die doelwitte is om vas te stel of aspekte soos sosio-demografiese faktore, stigma en diskriminasie, godsdiens, kultuur, vrees vir verlating en verwerping en kennis van die siekte, die insidensie van bekendmaking beïnvloed. ’n Beskrywende korrelatiewe navorsingsontwerp met ’n kwantitatiewe benadering is toegepas. Die teikengroep (N=1200/100%) het bestaan uit al die MIV geïnfekteerde persone wat ’n Gemeenskapgesondheidskliniek vir die bestuur van MIV in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse area besoek het. Die gerieflikheidssteekproef metode is gebruik om die steekproef van deelnemers (n=150/12.5%) te kies wat vrywillig ingestem het om aan die kriteria vir die studie te voldoen. ’n Self-geadministreerde vraelys was gebruik wat hoofsaaklik uit geslote vrae met ’n beperkte aantal ope vrae bestaan. Etiese goedkeuring vir die studie is verkry van die Gesondheidsnavorsing se Etiese Komitee by die Fakulteit van Gesondheidswetenskappe, Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Toestemming is verkry van die stad Kaapstad: Stad Gesondheid, om die navorsing uit te voer. Ingeligte toestemming is van die deelnemers verkry. Betroubaarheid en geldigheid is ondersteun deur ’n loodsstudie wat op (n=15/10%) van die deelnemers beoefen is by die Gemeenskapsgesondheidkliniek om die uitvoerbaarheid van die studie te verseker.Die data is geanaliseer met die ondersteuning van ’n statistikus en is deur histogramme en frekwensie-tabelle voorgestel. Statistiese assosiasies is vasgestel tussen die verskeie veranderlikes. Die kwalitatiewe data is geneem vanuit ope vrae wat gegroepeer is in neigings en tematies geanaliseer is en die neigings is hierna gekwantifiseer. Die uitslae bewys dat daar heelwat faktore is wat die bekendmaking van MIV statusstatus beïnvloed. Die vrees vir stigmatisering is geïdentifiseer as ’n faktor met betrekking tot die bekendmaking van MIV aan andere, veral onder die manlike deelnemers. Die uitslae bewys dat dit die hoofrede vir terughoudendheid of nie-bekendmaking van die siekte is, asook die vrees vir ververwerping en blaam. Die resultate bewys dat die bewustheid van die seksuele maat se MIV statusstatus relatief laag bly (n=64/43%) met bewustheid van die maat se status die hoogste onder getroude deelnemers. Die aanbevelings is om te verseker dat MIV positiewe individue toegang het tot ondersteuningsgroepe en dat hulle geleentheid gegee word om veelvuldige voorligtingsessies by te woon. Gemeenskapgebaseerde inisiatiewe is nodig om stigmatisering van individue met MIV te verminder en vir die verbetering van toegang tot maatskaplike ondersteuningsisteme. Ter samevatting kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word, dat; die bekend making van MIV positiewe status word nie noodwendig beïnvloed deur ʼn spesifieke faktor of meervlakkige besluitnemings proses nie, maar eerder deur ʼn kombinasie van faktore.

何燕輝. / "2005年5月". / 論文(神(道)學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(leaves 65-70). / "2005 nian 5 yue". / Abstract also in English. / He Yanhui. / Lun wen (Shen (dao) xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 65-70). / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 硏究動機 / Chapter 1.2 --- 硏究目的及方法 / Chapter 1.3 --- 硏究限制 / Chapter 1.4 --- 致謝 / Chapter 第二章 --- 愛滋病在世界的情況和教會的迴響 --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- 早期愛滋病在世界肆虐的情況 / Chapter 2.2 --- 英國社會對愛滋病的態度 / Chapter 2.3 --- 美國社會對愛滋病的態度 / Chapter 2.4 --- 普世合一教會對愛滋病的態度 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 對世界各組織的影響 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 對信仰作出神學反省 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 對世界各宗派和教會的影響 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- 對各宗派和教會以愛滋病的反省 / Chapter 2.5 --- 小結 / Chapter 第三章 --- 愛滋病在香港社會的情況和造成的迴響 --- p.12 / Chapter 3.1 --- 愛滋病患者的感受 / Chapter 3.2 --- 愛滋病被標籤 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 社會禁忌的產生 / Chapter 3.3 --- 愛滋病對社會意識文化造成的影響 / Chapter 3.4 --- 愛滋病對社會制度造成的影響 / Chapter 3.5 --- 對愛滋病患者個人造成的影響 / Chapter 3.6 --- 香港教會的態度對愛滋病患者的影響 / Chapter 3.7 --- 小結 / Chapter 第四章 --- 社會對愛滋病及病患者的理解和影響 --- p.21 / Chapter 4.1 --- 愛滋病患者的感受 / Chapter 4.2 --- 愛滋病被標籤 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 社會禁忌的產生 / Chapter 4.3 --- 愛滋病對社會意識文化造成的影響 / Chapter 4.4 --- 愛滋病對社會制度造成的影響 / Chapter 4.5 --- 對愛滋病患者個人造成的影響 / Chapter 4.6 --- 香港教會的態度對愛滋病患者的影響 / Chapter 4.7 --- 小結 / Chapter 第五章 --- 反思救恩的意義與愛滋病患者的關係 --- p.30 / Chapter 5.1 --- 從「犧牲」和「贖罪」理解「救恩」對個人層面的意義 / Chapter 5.2 --- 反思「犧牲」和「贖罪」理解的「救恩」與愛滋病患者的處境 / Chapter 5.3 --- 「經典」救恩觀中「勝利的基督」的意義 / Chapter 5.4 --- 從「醫治」和「整全」的向度理解「經典」救恩對個人層面的意義 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 「醫治」在救恩中對個人層面的意義 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 「整全」在救恩中對個人層面的意義 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 救恩與上主國來臨的關係 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- 小結 / Chapter 5.5 --- 從「醫治」和「整全」理解「經典」救恩對群體層面的意義 / Chapter 5.6 --- 反思救恩如何回應受訪愛滋病患者的真實需要 / Chapter 第六章 --- 「醫治」和「整全」的救恩觀與愛滋病患者之關聯 --- p.42 / Chapter 6.1 --- 帶有「醫治」和「整全」救恩的特性 / Chapter 6.2 --- 愛滋病患者個的「疾病」 / Chapter 6.3 --- 從「醫治」和「整全」的救恩去看愛滋病患者個人的「疾病」 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 「成爲上主」的意思 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 「成爲上主」對愛滋病患者個人的「醫治」 / Chapter 6.4 --- 社會意識文化的「疾病」 / Chapter 6.5. --- 從「醫治」和「整全」的救恩去看社會意識文化的「疾病」 / Chapter 6.6 --- 社會制度的「疾病」 / Chapter 6.7 --- 從「醫治」和「整全」的救恩去看社會制度的「疾病」 / Chapter 6.7.1 --- 上主國來臨對更新社會制度的「醫治」 / Chapter 6.8 --- 從「醫治」和「整全」的救恩看教會的使命 / Chapter 第七章 --- 總結 --- p.59 / 附件（一）至（四） --- p.60 / 參考書目

This thesis explores the relationship between law and society and various forms of causality: (1) legal change leading to social change; (2) social change leading to legal change; and (3) the interdependent interaction between social change and legal change. It is proposed that a multi-directional approach would be the most useful in examining the moral boundaries exemplified in the law identified with legal and social changes that have resulted in response to the AIDS epidemic.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics)) --University of Limpopo, 2005 / This study is based on a survey of 396 farming households from Mabele; Khubu and Nwahajeni communities. The results show that in general, HIV/AIDS status appears to have a significant negative impact on the number of household members working full time on the farm. An indication that households affected by HIV/AIDS are likely to suffer loss of farm labour due to sick household members who cannot work on the farm. Generally, information on HIV/AIDS appears to have a significant positive impact on the number of household members working full time on the farm. An indication that households that are well-informed about HIV/AIDS are likely to have higher number of households members working full time on the farm. The study shows that HIV/AIDS is negatively correlated with household farm income. An indication that the higher the number of household members infected with HIV/AIDS, household farm income is likely to decrease. This may be due to shortage of household farm labour. Farm labour shortage results in the reduction of farming operations and loss of total household farm income. The study shows that the number of household members working full time on the farm is negatively correlated with difficulty to pay for health care; difficulty to pay for agricultural inputs; and difficulty to save money. An indication that as the number of household members working full time on the farm is reduced, it is likely that households will find it difficult to pay for health care, agricultural inputs and saving money. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

The study aims to understand the response of Christian AIDS organisations to HIV/AIDS related conflicts in Bulawayo-Zimbabwe. Many criticisms have been levelled against these organisations mainly because of their delayed, uninformed and reluctant response to HIV/AIDS issues. The intent of this research is not to criticize but to improve the effectiveness of organisations in responding to conflicts related to HIV/AIDS by suggesting possible responses or interventions. Building on conflict resolution theories, the research tried to explore the issues of HIV/AIDS motivated conflict, explain their causes, their form and nature and identified them among the people living with HIV/AIDS in Bulawayo using the focus group technique. Data was also collected from support group supervisors and organisations. The results suggest that there is a possible link between HIV/AIDS and interpersonal conflict and that HIV/AIDS conflict do occur in Bulawayo and they take many forms. People living with HIV/AIDS are the most affected because they suffer from both the disease and the damage to relationships. It still needs to be proved how destabilisation of relationships contributes to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Bulawayo. The results also suggest that there is no formidable response by organisations to HIV/AIDS related conflicts because they refer cases to other institutions. The paper also identifies many issues hindering the resolution of conflicts and some of them include: lack of knowledge on resolution, lack of awareness and lack of relevant skills among many. The study suggests that conflict resolution should be mainstreamed into HIV/AIDS intervention measures in of Faith-based organisations in Bulawayo. However, awareness and further studies of HIV/AIDS related conflicts are needed if meaningful intervention is to be achieved. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009.

Abdool Karim (Daily News, 02 December 2009) aptly states that one of the daunting social development challenges facing our young democracy in South Africa is the HIV and AIDS pandemic which has seriously impacted on the increase of HIV infected children. The study explored the experiences of social workers in the provision of reconstruction services to HIV infected children. This research study used a qualitative descriptive methodology. There were two sample groups: one consisted of five social workers from five institutions and the second consisted of six social workers from two child welfare organizations. Data was collected by means of semi-structured in- depth interviews with the institutional social workers. One focus group was held with child welfare social workers for the purpose of enhancing the reliability, validity and trustworthiness of the study. Globalization has had a substantial impact on social work services which has been further articulated through ‘new managerialism’, whereby welfare states are becoming cost effective businesses (Dominelli, 2002). Both welfare agencies and social workers pursuant to “new managerialism” have to justify their existence on a day to day basis due to the market principles that have been applied to the profession; it has to be ‘economically sound’ to be a social worker and to continue to be employed. The findings show that there were five key themes and various sub-themes that emerged from the in-depth interviews and the focus group interviews that posed as challenges for social workers. The lack of resources, high staff turnover, the recruitment of foster families emerged as factors that contributed to the challenges experienced by both institutional and child welfare social workers. Despite the many constraints placed on social workers several initiatives have been taken by institutional and child welfare social workers in the implementation of various services and programmes provided to families, communities and children infected or affected by the HIV and AIDS pandemic. In the face of “new managerialism” it is recommended that social workers need to accept that structural forces such as the economy, political, poverty and unemployment have a profound impact on organizations therefore it is necessary for social workers to advocate and lobby for adequate resources such as vehicles, access to telephones and computers and regular supervision, in the provision of reconstruction services. Furthermore social workers must have an updated knowledge regarding relevant policies and legislation that impact service delivery. The Department of Social Development should work in collaboration with the Department of Health and Education so that efforts could be made to ensure that HIV infected children continue with schooling, thereby developing them into more independent individuals. Finally an additional subsidy should be provided by the National Department of Social Development to institutions for services to accommodate family and prospective foster parents who stay over at institutions. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

The Social Assistance Act of No. 59 of 1992 was put into place to help in assisting poverty stricken people of South Africa by offering social grants to an aged, disabled person or a war veteran. Due to the devastating effect of HIV/AIDS, people living with HIV/AIDS were entitled to social assistance. However, grave problems exist for this group of persons to access social assistance such as the qualifying criteria for the disability grant being complicated by the medical nature of HIV/AIDS, taking anti-retroviral therapy and problems in the administration procedures. Compounding these, is that rural areas are underdeveloped and lack infrastructure to accommodate adequate service provision. This study aimed to increase understanding of access to social assistance by people living with HIV/AIDS in the rural area of Vulindlela in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The study researched this by hearing the voices of both the service providers (key informants) and people living with HIV/AIDS (patient respondents) by conducting a qualitative study based on a descriptive research design. Data was collected by means of semi-structured, in depth-interviews for both the service providers as well as patient respondents in this study. Findings revealed that the voices of people living with HIV/AIDS were not heard and further that they were not even aware of their rights and entitlements to social security. In fact, in many instances people died without having had any access to their grants whilst others had to wait months before receiving their grants. Findings emphasized the need for education, training and retraining for service providers, recipients and educational institutions as HIV/AIDS poses a major challenge in our society and as it is an ever changing phenomenon. Using an ecosystemic frame of reference, recommendations were multi-fold and included better networking and collaboration amongst the different bodies that are involved in grant administration and revisiting qualifying criteria. Other recommendations included strategies to deal with corruption, the development of pressure and lobbying groups and staff shortages. Given the time it takes to plan and implement changes and given the life threatening nature of HIV and AIDS, a key recommendation was for a newly introduced grant exclusively for the people living with the virus, to lessen the burden of meeting qualifying criteria and thus give dignity to and improve life quality. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Not only does South Africa have the largest number of people with HIV/AIDS in the world, it continues to have a high mortality rate associated with AIDS due to the limited availability of antiretroviral treatment in this country. While a body of empirical research has developed in the West on the issue of AIDS-related bereavement, it has limited applicability to the South African context where the daily lives of people infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS are markedly different to those in more developed countries in the West, in terms of the extent of HIV-related morbidity and mortality, poverty, stigma, availability of social support, gender inequality, medical treatment, welfare services and government policies. An exploratory, descriptive study was therefore undertaken to examine AIDS-related bereavement experiences among adults in KwaZulu-Natal, Durban. Qualitative face-face interviews were conducted with 18 adults who had lost one or more significant others to AIDS. Qualitative face-face interviews were also conducted with eight professionals working in non-governmental organizations in KwaZulu-Natal that served people affected by HIV/AIDS to obtain their perspectives on the issue of AIDS-related bereavement among clients and how they were addressing this issue within their organizations. A social ecological framework was used to understand participants' experiences with AIDS-related bereavement. Two major themes emerged: participants had to keep their grief to themselves and more urgent life stresses took priority in their lives. A conspiracy of silence existed as a result of the high level of stigma associated with HIV/AIDS and a perceived lack of both informal and formal support for those infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS. Grief was treated as a "luxury" in a sense and energies had to be focused on daily survival needs. Participants tended to suppress their emotions and relied on inner resources, in particular finding meaning in their loss and relying on their religious faith. Interviews with professionals confirmed these themes. Recommendations are made at both the local and national levels to address AIDS-related bereavement. It is suggested that while individual and group interventions should be developed for those at risk for complicated grief as a result of an AIDS-related loss, the focus needs to be on structural changes such as reducing HIV-related stigma, combating poverty, encouraging men to play a more active role in the care and support of those who are ill with HIV/AIDS or bereaved by the disease, and improving the status and capability of the social work profession to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic within the South African welfare policy framework. Further research needs to be conducted on AIDS-related bereavement in the South African context, considering the magnitude of AIDS-related loss and bereavement and the scarcity of indigenous information about this issue. Collaborations between researchers, practitioners and the bereaved are encouraged both in South Africa and internationally to highlight the unique nature of AIDS-related bereavement in the South African context and to test the efficacy of indigenous strategies and interventions to address AIDS-related bereavement. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.

The HIV and AIDS pandemic that has struck worldwide has impacted not only on those whose lives it has taken but on the loved ones left behind to cope with the trauma, stigma and discrimination of the disease. HIV and AIDS presents a challenge to all, especially early adolescents whose lives, already complicated with their negotiation to adulthood, are also affected and infected by HIV and AIDS. How early adolescents cope with death is influenced by their developmental level as well as by their relationships to the deceased. Schools as secondary institutions of socialisation are charged with not only the academic development of their learners but also their physical, moral and social development as well. Schools are responsible for educating the learner in a caring school environment and educators are tasked with the added responsibility of providing pastoral care for their learners in times of distress. The inclusion of death education and policies to support learners following death becomes a necessity as the incidence of death increases. Research with regard to this study was conducted as follows:- • A literature study of available literature was done. • Qualitative research comprising the use of unstructured interviews was used to obtain data. Six participants from the class of a primary school who experienced the loss of a classmate participated in the research. Data was obtained during audio-taped interviews which were then transcribed and coded by the researcher to establish themes and categories. Conclusions were drawn from the data yielded in the research and the literature study and recommendations were made. The aim of these recommendations is to facilitate helping the Department of Education and Culture to empower educators in pastoral care and counseling who in turn will be able to assist learners in need of care. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.