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Typescript. / Bibliography: leaves 201-251. / Microfiche. / xiv, 251 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm

This study of Southwestern Alberta is an attempt to focus attention on the landscape, as a fundamental approach to geographic variation and regionality. It is also an attempt to depart from the marketing region and mathematical approaches, which are at present gaining wide favour in geographic work. The area studied, Southwestern Alberta, was selected for its contrast and diversity. Pew other sections of North America offer the same degree of variety in so small an area. The method of investigation had two aspects, library research and field study. The former consisted of consulting written works, analysing climatic data, interpeting air photos and maps, together with some reference to census statistics. The field work involved several traverses of the area under study, by automobile, aeroplane and foot. Work in the field was conducted not only to check the accuracy of information gathered in the library research, but also to obtain original data and to fill gaps in the published material. It is the purpose of the thesis to (a) clarify the meaning of "landscape" as interpeted in this geographic study, (b) describe the landscape and its "spheres" in detail, and (c) arrive at a broad classification of landscape regions for Southwestern Alberta. Above all else, it is desired to present and give an appreciation of Southwestern Alberta(s landscape character. "The Landscape of Southwestern Alberta", treats the landscape as being composed of a number of "layers" or "spheres". These are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, making up the physical (natural) landscape segments and the cultosphere which is the cultural (man-made) landscape segment. In reality these are all interdependent and can not exist alone. In conclusion, the southwestern corner of the province has been subdivided into a number of landscape regions. These regions are as follows: (1) The Southern Rockies, composed of a block-like Precambrian mass, lie south of the Carbondale River valley. Smooth, forested, lower slopes give way to glacially-sculptured, alpine peaks. The chief human activities here, tourism, forestry and watershed-conservation have left little mark on the wild rugged landscape. (2) The Northern Rockies are made up of long, bare, Palaeozoic ranges rising above grassy or forested, subdued, Cretaceous lands. Here the human activities of coal mining, limestone quarrying, forestry and grazing have altered the landscape more than in the south. Population is concentrated in a narrow band of mining nucleations along the Crowsnest Pass. (3) Of the three foothills regions, the Northern High Foothills presents the most rugged and forested appearence. The ridges tend to be parallel and are often herring-bone shaped supporting grass on southern exposures while the remainder is forested. Ranching is the predominent industry. (4) East and south from the High Foothills stretches the Subdued Foothills region. This land is gently rolling, much grassier and with some cultivation toward the eastern margin. (5) South of Mountain View and Cardston lie the Rolling Foothills. This region is a "sandpapered" hill-land mantled in range -grass, but broken by long, rocky ridge-scarps. The foothills are all underlain by soft Cretaceous rocks 'which have been faulted and folded by the Rocky Mountain, building movements. (6) Eastward from the northern foothills rise the Porcupine Hills. Geologically a part of the Alberta syncline, these high, rounded and brokenly - forested hills stand in isolated splendor above the adjacent plains. Forestry and grazing have both left their marks on the vegetation. (7) The Porcupine Transition region, to the east of the high hills, is a grassy rangeland zone with a low population density. (8) The Peigan and Blood Indian Reserves are physically similar to the adjacent plains, but are culturally distinct. Much of the reserves are devoted to rangeland, but some cultivation is also practiced. (9) The Dry-Farming Plains focus on the trade center of Pincher Creek. These great, sweeping plains are cut by steep-sided river valleys and coulees, and broken by the very occasional erosion remnant. Over the wide, dusty land spreads the seemingly endless pattern of golden wheat and black fallow strips. Natural trees are found only in sheltered, well - watered valleys. (10) In the vicinity of the Belly and St. Mary's Rivers stretches the horse-shoe shaped, Mormon Irrigated Belt. This land is characterized by level terrain, irrigation cultivation and nucleated, Mormon (L.D.S.) settlement. Cardston, with its gleaming white temple is both the religious "Mecca" and trade center for the region. (11) Near the Montana border stand the somewhat elevated Milk River Plateaux. High plains and ridges with old meltwater gaps characterize the physical landscape. Grazing, dry-land wheat and petroleum represent human activities in this outlying region. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The only claim that this thesis can make is that it is an introductory account of the Mennonites in Alberta. It has been attempted to give a brief but clear account of the origins of the various Mennonite denominations and their movement in Canada in general and into Alberta in particular. The common religious foundation (fundamentals of faith) enjoyed by most Mennonite bodies today can be traced to the common origins in the Anabaptist movement of the l6th century in Europe. Prom Switzerland and Holland the Mennonites have spread to all parts of the world. There have been four well defined movements of Mennonites into Western Canada ranging in time from 1786 to 1953. These movements are important not only for their separation in time but also for their divergence in outlook which resulted from the different cultural background of the various immigrants. Today Mennonite differences, socially, culturally and religiously, make it clear that no one way of Mennonite life exists. In Alberta the majority of Mennonites belong to two denominations: the Mennonite General Conference and the Mennonite Brethren, both of which can trace their Western Canadian origin back to the immigration from Russia 1923-1930. In addition to these two denominations Alberta contains smaller elements of Old Mennonites, Mennonite Brethren in Christ, Church of God in Christ and Old Colony Mennonites. In Alberta today prosperity and numerical strength have made Coaldale headquarters of Mennonitism in the province. The more liberal outlook of the General Conference Church and the Mennonite Brethren Church have given these two groups economic and cultural dominance in Alberta Mennonite circles. The land settlement policies of the Mennonites have always favoured group settlements; in Western Canada they found ideal conditions for such developments. Although communal beginnings were common the average Mennonite does not take to communism and preferred to seek land on his own. In his search there were only two determining factors: natural factors and the presence of people of his own faith. The settlement of the Mennonites on the land was largely controlled by the Canada Colonization Association under the control of the C.P.R. and the Mennonite Land Settlement Board later amalgamated with the Canadian Mennonite Board of Colonization. A conflict soon developed between advocates of settlement controlled by Mennonite agencies and advocates of free settlement of farmers. This conflict resulted in a confused policy of land settlement. Mennonite economic development in Alberta has been rapid, especially in the areas dominated by the General Conference and Mennonite Brethren denominations; economic co-operation among the Mennonites has been largely confined to these two groups. In Alberta the Vertreterversammluhg (Representative Assembly) is the controlling body of most Mennonite economic endeavours. Organizations have been set up on local and provincial levels and provide services such as insurance in various fields, domestic and foreign relief and producer's co-operatives. A problem that was co-operatively solved by the Russian Mennonites was the Reiseschuld (travelling expenses) to the amount of $1,767,398.68, which had been loaned by the C.P.R. to aid the immigrants of 1923-1930. This debt was jointly liquidated in 1946. The general problems of the Mennonites in relation to the community in which they live reslove themselves into the social, religious and educational fields. The specific problems along these lines have been assimilation, the German language, and pacifism (non-resistance). Most Mennonites, outside of the more conservative elements, will assimilate in all things, except religiously and socially; the German language is only a temporary problem and will disappear in the near future; non-resistance ,is a fundamental part of the Mennonite faith and compromise here is very unlikely. Outside of the latest immigrants the Mennonites in general are well on their way to "canadianization". This fact becomes doubly evident in the light of the differences between the older immigrants and the Mennonite "new Canadian". The Mennonites themselves now are faced with the problem of assimilating the new-comers. The thesis includes an appendix containing the following information; 1. Order-in-Council regarding the Mennonite rights in Canada 1873. 2. An excerpt regarding Mennonite settlement in Canada. 3. A petition of the Mennonite churches regarding military training and alternative services in case of another war, 1952. 4. An article, "Am I a National Socialist?"—by B.B. Janz. 5. A Map of Alberta showing all areas containing Mennonite elements. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

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The Nisku Formation in the Alberta subsurface consists of bank facies, reefal facies, and basinal/slope facies along the Outer Shelf. The bank facies was not previously recognized, and is here designated the Dismal Creek Member. Most buildups are coral-bearing mudmounds. / The Nisku Formation was affected by more than twenty diagenetic processes, most notably by dolomitization and anhydritization. The buildups were partially lithified in shallow phreatic environments, and some were subaerially exposed. Dolomitization took place at depths of about 300 to 1000 m by fluids that were derived mainly from the underlying Ireton Formation. Most of the anhydrites formed during the last stages of and/or after dolomitization. After oil emplacement, thermochemical redox reactions between hydrocarbons and sulfates resulted in partial removal of anhydrite in the deepest buildups, and the formation of 'dead' oil, sour gas, replacive calcite, saddle dolomite, celestite, and native sulfur. Diagenetic changes after maximum burial were very minor.