Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) is a Coherent Raman microscopy method that has been increasingly employed in recent years for highly-specific, label-free, and high-speed bioimaging. Compared to a similar Coherent Raman method, the so-called Coherent Anti-Stokes Scattering (CARS) microscopy, it exhibits advantages such as the absence of nonresonant background (NRB) and the linearity of the signal intensity on the concentration of molecules of interest. However, SRS can be affected by unwanted background signals that hinder the acquisition of an accurate Raman information. These unwanted signals are generated by parasitic effects that are difficult to suppress in standard SRS setups. Here, I present a frequency-modulation (FM) SRS technique via an Acousto-Optic Tunable ioilter (AOTF), describing its implementation on Vibra Lab setup and assessing its efficiency with imaging results. The FM technique provides a cancellation of the unwanted background signals, maintaining intact the SRS information. It is based on the weak spectral dependence of the parasitic effects as compared to the high spectral specificity of the SRS signal. The proposed scheme presents a few advantages when compared with other solutions presented in the literature. In particular, it doesn't require a complex setup configuration, and it can be used seamlessly in a very broad range of the vibrational spectrum.

Orientador: Celio Pasquini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T20:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_LiviaPauliaDias_D.pdf: 4837120 bytes, checksum: 765fabab75a97dbaab34799ef8208379 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Dois novos instrumentos analíticos, sem o uso de partes móveis, para obtenção de medidas polarimétricas nas regiões do visível (VIS) e infravermelho próximo (NIR) são descritos. Esses equipamentos consistem de um Polarímetro VIS/NIR com fonte de radiação tipo laser de diodo (532 nm, 650 nm e 1064 nm) e um Espectropolarímentro VIS dedicado à obtenção de curva de Dispersão Óptica Rotatória (ORD) e de espectro de absorção, simultaneamente. O método de determinação da rotação óptica empregado nos instrumentos utiliza a equação a = (45 - b)°, onde b é determinado pela função arco tangente da razão dos campos elétricos dos dois feixes produzidos pelo analisador, o qual é constituído por um cristal birrefringente. No desenvolvimento do polarímetro foram avaliados dois analisadores, Glan Laser e Cristal de Wollaston. O instrumento apresentou precisão de 0,003°, e o uso do Cristal de Wollaston permitiu torná-lo mais robusto e compacto, possibilitando que o equipamento possa, eventualmente, ser empregado em controle de qualidade de processos industriais. O espectropolarímetro utiliza um Filtro Óptico Acústico Sintonizável (AOTF), que opera na região do visível (450 nm a 800 nm), como monocromador e analisador simultaneamente, e com características inéditas para esse tipo de equipamento. A melhor precisão, de 0,009°, foi verificada para a media de 20 varreduras. Quando o instrumento é empregado para medida de rotação óptica na presença de uma espécie absorvente, a curva de ORD é imune a absorbância de até 0,3. Estes equipamentos contribuem para o avanço da área da polarimetria, uma vez que apresentam configurações inovadoras que as diferenciam dos equipamentos comercialmente disponíveis, pois nestes, os analisadores são girados mecanicamente para a determinação do ângulo de rotação do plano da radiação polarizada / Abstract: Two new analytical instruments, which preclude of any moving parts, are described to obtain polarimetric measurements in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral regions. These instruments consist of a VIS/NIR polarimeter with diode lasers as radiation source (532, 650 and 1064 nm) and a VIS spectropolarimeter aimed at simultaneously obtaining the optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) curve and absorption spectrum of samples. The method employed to determine the optical rotation in both instruments uses the equation a = (45 - b)°, where b given by arc tangent function ratio between the electrical fields of the beams produced by the polarization analyzer element, made of a birefringent crystal. The polarimeter design was evaluated using two analyzers, a Glan Laser and a Wollaston crystal. The instrument is capable of attaining a repeatability of 0.003°, and, when it uses a Wollaston crystal, to become an instrument more compact and robust, which could be used for in-line measurements of industrial processes. The spectropolarimeter employs an Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter (AOTF) operating as a wavelength selector in visible region (450-800 nm) and polarization analyzer element. This instrument is capable of generating absorption and optical rotation spectra of samples simultaneously, a new characteristic, considering this type of equipment. The repeatability of 0.009° was obtained for the average of 20 scans. When the optical rotation is measured in the presence of absorbent substance the ORD curve is immune to a maximum absorbance of 0.3. The instruments contribute to an important advance in polarimetry, as they show innovative designs, distinct from commercially available instruments, where the analyzers are rotated mechanically, aiming at the determination of the angle of the polarization plane / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutora em Ciências

The main focus of this dissertation is to develop a multispectral imaging system with spectral zooming capability and also successfully demonstrate its promising medical applications through combining this technique with microscope system. The realization of the multispectral imaging method in this dissertation is based on the 4-f spatial filtering principle. When a collimated light is dispersed by the grating, there exists a clear linear distribution spectral line or spectrum at the Fourier plane of the Fourier transform lens group base on the Abbe imaging theory and optics Fourier Transform principle. The optical images, not the collimated light, are applied into this setup and the spectrum distribution still keeps linear relationship with the spatial positions at Fourier plane, even through there exists additional spectral crosstalk or overlap. The spatial filter or dynamic electrical filters used at the Fourier plane will facilitate randomly access the desired spectral waveband and agilely adjust the passband width. It offers the multispectral imaging functionality with spectral zooming capability. The system is flexible and efficiency. A dual-channel spectral imaging system based on the multispectral imaging method and acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF) is proposed in the dissertation. The multispectral imaging method and the AOTF will form spate imaging channels and the two spectral channels work together to enhance the system efficiency. The AOTF retro reflection design is explored in the dissertation and experimental results demonstrate this design could effectively improve the spectral resolution of the passband. Moreover, a field lens is introduced into the multispectral imaging system to enhance the field of view of the system detection range. The application of field lens also improves the system spectral resolution, image quality and minimizes the system size. This spectral imaging system can be used for many applications. The compact prototype multispectral imaging system has been built and many outdoor remote spectral imaging tests have been performed. The spectral imaging design has also been successfully applied into microscope imaging. The prototype multispectral microscopy system shows excellent capability for normal optical detection of medical specimen and fluorescent emission imaging/diagnosis. Experiment results have demonstrated this design could realize both spectral zoom and optical zoom at the same time. This design facilitates fast spectral waveband adjustment as well as increasing speed, flexibility, and reduced cost.

Cette thèse de doctorat traite de la réalisation et la caractérisation métrologique d’un pyromètre à filtre accordable acousto-optique (AOTF). La première partie expérimentale de ce travail a été consacrée à l’étude du fonctionnement et de la caractérisation du filtre AOTF, la seconde, a été dédiée au développement et à l’optimisation du pyromètre AOTF.Contrairement aux pyromètres habituels dont la sélection spectrale est obtenue par un filtre interférentiel, le pyromètre accordable développé dans ce document utilise un filtre acousto-optique adapté à un étalonnage par laser. La longueur d’onde optique de mesure est imposée par la fréquence de l’onde radiofréquence appliquée au filtre acousto-optique, qui ne requiert aucun mouvement mécanique.En contrepartie, le spectre optique diffracté par ce type de filtres, présente d’importants lobes secondaires de diffraction qui dégradent le taux de réjection hors bande du pyromètre. Grace à un montage en double passage dans une configuration optique en œil de chat, les lobes secondaires de diffraction ont été fortement atténués. Le taux de diffusion optique du pyromètre est de l’ordre de 10-5 en valeur relative.La reproductibilité de sa sensibilité spectrale en longueur d’onde est de 0,01 nm et 0,1 % en amplitude sur une semaine. Ces caractéristiques, comparables à celles des meilleurs monochromateurs, permettent l'utilisation du pyromètre AOTF pour des applications métrologiques au meilleur niveau d’exactitude. L'instrument est accordable en longueur d'onde sur un domaine étendu, compris entre 600 nm et 950 nm. Il est également transportable car sa masse est inférieure à 20 kg et sa longueur inférieure à 1 m. Les performances et la caractérisation métrologique du pyromètre ont été validées par la mesure de la température thermodynamique du point du cuivre, en accord avec celle donnée dans l'EIT-90. / This PhD Thesis presents the work that has been done to design and build, along with the evaluation of the radiometric performance, of a radiation pyrometer based on acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). Part of this work has been given to the characterization of the acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF); however, the other part has been dedicated to the development and the optimization of the radiation pyrometer.Unlike conventional pyrometers whose spectral selection is obtained an interference filters, the AOTF that has been used in this work enables direct calibration of the radiation pyrometer using laser sources without any interference effects. This in turns allows direct calibration of the pyrometer against the cryogenic radiometer or through trap detectors with lower uncertainty levels. The spectral range selected by the AOTF is adjusted by changing the frequency applied to the filter without any mechanical movement, which is an advantage compared to grating-based systems.One of the main limitations in using AOTF is the existence of diffraction lobes which appear beyond the in-band spectral range. These lobes result in significant deterioration in the blocking capabilities of the filter, and thus an increased out-of-band signal levels are obtained. However this has been solved by using a double-pass optical configuration, which has reduced these diffraction lobes and kept them within insignificant levels. The resultant out-of-band signal levels have been found within 10-5 of the in-band signal. The reproducibility of wavelength calibration is within 0.01 nm, yet with 0.1 % reproducibility in the amplitude of the in-band signal over a course of one week. The stability of wavelength is comparable to that found in high quality monochromators. This in turns allows the use of our pyrometer in metrological applications that require high level of accuracy. The instrument spectral coverage can be tuned over a wide spectral range, between 600 nm and 950 nm. The pyrometer is also transportable as its mass is less than 20 kg and with dimensions of 90 L x 20 H x 30 W cm. The performance and metrological characterization of the pyrometer have been validated by measuring the thermodynamic temperature of the freezing point of the copper, which was in a very good agreement with that value defined by the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90).

Neste trabalho, propomos um novo mÃtodo de modulaÃÃo Ãptica usando um filtro acÃstoÃptico sintonizÃvel (AOTF) convencional e um filtro acÃsto-Ãptico com polarizaÃÃo sintonizÃvel (AOTPF) baseado em fibra de cristal fotÃnico (PCF), onde portas lÃgicas Ãpticas E e OU sÃo obtidas pela operaÃÃo simultÃnea da modulaÃÃo em dupla banda lateral Ãptica (ODSB) e da modulaÃÃo por posiÃÃo de pulso no domÃnio da frequÃncia (PPFDM). Estes dispositivos sÃo operados com pulsos sÃlitons ultracurtos de 100 ps e 55,5 fs para o AOTF convencional e para o AOTPF baseado em PCF, respectivamente. Desta forma, um pulso leva dois bits de informaÃÃo apÃs ser criptografado pela modulaÃÃo proposta aqui. Em seguida, analisamos a modulaÃÃo ODSB-PPFDM para os pulsos de entrada, polarizados nos dois modos de entrada, permitindo uma variaÃÃo no parÃmetro de codificaÃÃo εcod para cada pulso de entrada. Para o AOTF convencional, consideramos uma diferenÃa de fase de dfi = pi rad entre ambos os pulsos de entrada. Como resultado, obtivemos vÃrios valores do parÃmetro de codificaÃÃo |εcod| onde as operaÃÃes lÃgicas E e OU foram possÃveis. JÃ para o AOTPF baseado em PCF, consideramos uma diferenÃa de fase de dfi = 1,28pi rad entre ambos os pulsos de entrada para obtermos valores do parÃmetro de codificaÃÃo |εcod| onde as operaÃÃes lÃgicas E e OU foram possÃveis. / We propose a new method of optical modulation using a conventional Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF) and an Acoustic Optic Tunable Polarization Filter (AOTPF) based on Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF). In both devices the all-optical logic gates, namely AND and OR, are obtained by simultaneously operation of Optical Double Sideband (ODSB) modulation and a Pulse Position Frequency Domain Modulation (PPFDM). These devices shall operate with ultrashort soliton light pulses 100 ps and 55.5 fs for conventional AOTF and all-fiber AOTPF based on PCF, respectively. In this way, a pulse will carry two bits of information after been encoded by the modulation proposed here. We then analyze the modulation ODSB - PPFDM for input pulses, polarized in the two input modes, allowing a variation in the modulation parameter εcod for each input pulse. For conventional AOTF, a phase difference dfi = pi rad was considered between both input pulses, obtaining various values of the coding parameter offset |εcod| where the AND and OR logic operations were possible. For the all-fiber AOTPF based on PCF, a phase difference of dfi = 1,28pi rad was necessary between both input pulses to generate values of coding parameter offset |εcod|, for which AND and OR logic operations were possible.

No description available.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Nesta dissertaÃÃo foi estudada a aplicaÃÃo do filtro AcÃstico-Ãptico SintonizÃvel (AOTF), com a ModulaÃÃo de Pulsos por PosiÃÃo (PPM), objetivando implementar, utilizando o mÃtodo de Runge-Kutta de 4a ordem, portas lÃgicas (OR-OU e AND-E) Ãpticas operando com pulsos de luz ultracurtos (2ps). Neste trabalho à investigado o desempenho das portas considerando vÃrios comprimentos do filtro ( L) que integra a sua estrutura interna, com o intuito de obter o comprimento de filtro mais adequado para uma operaÃÃo satisfatÃria, em regime dispersivo, nÃo linear, sem perdas e com modulaÃÃo de fase cruzada (XPM). Esta investigaÃÃo à realizada em duas situaÃÃes: primeiramente, sÃo considerados filtros com automodulaÃÃo de fase (SPM) e GVD (dispersÃo da velocidade de grupo). Em um segundo momento, as mesmas portas sÃo obtidas com efeitos SPM, XPM e GVD agindo juntos no AOTF. Foi observado que para pulsos do tipo sÃliton, os efeitos da dispersÃo, da nÃo linearidade e da modulaÃÃo de fase cruzada exercem juntos uma forte influÃncia na propagaÃÃo do mesmo, provocando a quebra do pulso na saÃda do dispositivo quando utilizamos um comprimento maior para os filtros. Para dispositivos mais curtos, o pulso chaveado apresentou compressÃes e alargamentos temporais e espectrais, bem comodeslocamentos temporais nos dois modo de propagaÃÃo (TE e TM). ApÃs a escolha de um comprimento de filtro adequado, foi selecionado um deslocamento temporal Ãtimo a ser aplicado nos pulsos de entrada para conseguirmos, na saÃda da porta lÃgica, deslocamentos temporais satisfatÃrios (acertos) na aplicaÃÃo da modulaÃÃo PPM. Em seguida, introduzimos fases em um dos pulsos de entrada (TM), provocando um defasamento entre os pulsos TE e TM, reduzindo ainda mais a margem de erro PPM de operaÃÃo das portas. Finalmente, ao analisarmos as fases aplicadas no pulso TM (0 a 2), definirmos o melhor Ãngulo de fase para que as portas operem na regiÃo de acerto da modulaÃÃo PPM. / In this dissertation it was studied the application of the Acoustic Optical Tunable Filter (AOTF), with Pulse Position Modulation (PPM), aiming at to implement, using the method of Runge-Kutta of 4a order, logical gates (OR and AND) optical operating with pulses of light ultra shorts (2ps). In this work the acting of the gates is investigated, considering several lengths of the filter (  L) that integrates your internal structure, with the intention of obtaining the length of more appropriate filter for a satisfactory operation, in dispersion regime, nonlinear, without losses and with Cross Phase Modulation (XPM). This investigation is accomplished in two situations: firstly, filters are considered with Self Phase Modulation (SPM) and GVD (group-velocity dispersion). In a second moment, the same gates are obtained with effects SPM, XPM and GVD, acting together in AOTF. It was observed that for pulses of the type soliton, the effects of the dispersion, of the nonlinearity and of the cross phase modulation exercise together a strong influences in the propagation of the same, provoking the break of the pulse in the exit of the device when we used a larger length for the filters. For shorter devices, the switched pulse presented temporary and spectral compression and spread, as well as, displacement in the time in the two propagation modes (TE and TM). After the choice of a length of appropriate filter, a great temporary displacement was selected to be applied in the input pulses for us to get, in the exit of the logical gate, satisfactory temporary displacements (successes) in the application of the PPM modulation. Soon after, we introduced phases in one of the entrance pulses (TM), provoking a phase displacement among TE and TM pulses, still reducing more the margin of error PPM of operation of the gates. Finally, to the we analyze the applied phases in the pulse TM (0 to 2), we defined the best phase angle for the gates to operate in the success area of the PPM modulation.