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The Armed Forces of the United States and specifically the U.S. Army seek to have a racial/ethnic mix of officers (leaders) who match the racial/ethnic mix of the soldiers they lead and the country they defend. Currently Hispanic Americans are under-represented in the officer corps especially at senior levels. Social network theory was used to facilitate understanding a potential officer candidate's network of alters (people they interact with) and their relationships when they are seeking to make decisions related to enrolling in college and Army ROTC. When making the decision to enroll in Army ROTC, there is a complex social network of multiple alters who influence those decisions. This study identified those actors and defined the types of relational embeddedness (social relationships which demonstrate dyadic interaction, personal relationships and/or social capital) each role had in their relationship with the ego resulting in influencing their decisions to enroll in college and Army ROTC. This qualitative research engaged Hispanic American cadets enrolled in Army ROTC at four universities and compared them to a representative group of non-Hispanic American cadets using UCINet and NVIVO software. The findings provide insight about the Hispanic American cadets' social network of influence and the level of relational embeddedness which defined the relationships. The findings indicate the need for those who seek out the best candidates (recruiters) to educate the members of a candidate's social network about the opportunities for future officers and the process to access college education and leader development training through programs like Army ROTC. Some alters have greater relational embeddedness and could provide greater positive influence on identifying the best candidates for officer accessions programs, but few members of the network have actual experience in ROTC, as officers, or in any capacity in the Armed Forces, making it difficult for them to provide informed guidance unless they are educated by people knowledgeable about the military. The greatest application of this research is that it will assist Professors of Military Science and others tasked to find and recruit Hispanic American cadets as future officers who beyond the actual candidate they should be engaging to influence the best quality and an increase in quality of officer candidates. The research is also potentially powerful for other organizations seeking to better understand decision making by young people and their social networks of influence which impact those decisions.

[pt] O objeto da presente tese é o processo pelo qual jovens ainda imbuídos de valores correntes na sociedade civil, ao ingressarem em instituições militares se transformam, gradualmente, em porta vozes dos valores dessas instituições. Para levar adiante a proposta apresentada, realizaremos comparação entre três grupos de Oficiais do Exército Brasileiro: os oficiais da AMAN (Academia Militar de Agulhas Negras), os Oficiais técnicos temporários (OTT) e os pertencentes ao Quadro Complementar de Oficiais (QCO). A hipótese é a de que esses três grupos de oficiais apresentem alguma diferença quando confrontados com temas sociais, políticos, éticos e institucionais da vida nacional brasileira, em razão de possíveis diferenças em suas mentalidades, estratégias de carreira, interesses e visões de mundo, o que nos possibilitará realizar reflexão tanto sobre as chamadas instituições totais, quanto sobre os padrões de isolamento dos oficiais do Exército Brasileiro. A maneira por nós construída para localizarmos e analisarmos as possíveis diferenças existentes entre esses tipos de oficiais repousa no Survey O que pensa o Oficial do Exército Brasileiro, coordenado pelos professores Eduardo Raposo e Maria Alice Resende de Carvalho - ambos do Departamento de Ciências Sociais da PUC-Rio - e pela professora Sarita Lea Schaffel do CEP/Exército. / [en] This thesis aims the officers of the Brazilian Army. More precisely, the process in which young yet imbued of current values in the civil society, when joining military institutions, they become, gradually, in spokesperson of these institution s values, starting to belong and serving them. To carry out the proposal, we will perform the comparison between three groups of officers from the Brazilian Army: Agulhas Negras Military Academy (AMAN, from Portuguese, Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras), the Temporary Officer Technicians (OTT, from Portuguese, Oficiais Técnicos Temporários) and the ones who belong to the Complementary Officers Team (QCO, from Portuguese, Quadro Complementar de oficiais). The hypothesis is that these three Officer groups show some difference when confronted with social, political, ethical and institutional contents of the Brazilian national life because of possible differences in their mindset, carreer strategies, interests and world perspective. Posture that will allow us to suppose not only about the called total institutions but also about the isolation patterns of the Brazilian Army Officers. The way we decided to trace and analyze the possible differences between these type of Officers lies on the Survey What the Officer of the Brazilian Army think coordinated by the Professors Eduardo Raposo and Maria Alice Resende de Carvalho, both from the Department of Social Science at PUC-Rio and also by the Professor Sarita Lea Schaffel from CEP/Brazilian Army.

[pt] Os exércitos de campanha são os grandes comandos operacionais que irão se desdobrar na zona de combate do Teatro de Operações Terrestre. Cada exército de campanha é composto por uma ou mais divisões de exército e cada divisão de exército é composta por uma ou mais brigadas. O apoio logístico a estas grandes unidades operacionais é realizado pelas bases logísticas, situadas na zona de administração, e pelos grupamentos logísticos, avançados e recuados, e batalhões logísticos, situados na zona de combate. Fazendo um paralelo com o meio civil, os clientes finais são as tropas desdobradas na zona de combate. As bases logísticas são as fábricas, os grupamentos logísticos, os centros de distribuição, e os batalhões logísticos são os distribuidores de varejo. Para atender às rotas de fluxo entre estas facilidades logísticas, são utilizados os meios militares de transporte disponíveis e os civis passíveis de mobilização. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia a ser seguida em estudos de otimização do apoio logístico ao exército de campanha, onde se busca a minimização das necessidades de meios de transporte para realizar a distribuição de suprimentos às tropas apoiadas, atuando particularmente na busca da melhor solução quanto ao número e localização dos grupamentos logísticos avançados e recuados. As principais fases deste procedimento são a utilização de funções do tipo criadas pelo usuário, em Planilha Excel, ou de Sistema de Informações Geográficas, para a pré-seleção das cidades candidatas aptas a receber os grupamentos logísticos, e a resolução de um modelo matemático utilizando Programação Linear Inteira Mista, para a localização propriamente dita. / [en] The field troops are the great operational commands that will be disposed on the combat zone of the land seat of the war. Every one of the field troops are formed by one or more divisions and every one of the divisions are formed by one or more brigades. The logistics support to these great operational commands is performed by the logistics basis, situated in the administration zone, and by the logistics groups, ahead groups and back groups, and logistics battalions, located in the combat zone. In comparison with the civilian society, the final clients are the troops disposed in the combat zone. The logistics basis are the plants, the logistics groups are the distribution centers and the battalions are the retail allocations. To provide the routes from one facility to another, the available military transport resources and the civilian´s one, that may be mobilized, must be used. This work introduces a methodology to be followed in optimization studies of logistics support of the field troops, that tries to obtain the minimization of the transport resources requirements to perform the supply of the troops, acting particularly to obtain the best solution in order to optimize the number and location of ahead and back logistics groups. The most important phases of the location process are to use made by the user functions, in Excel spreadsheet, and Geographic Information Systems to pre-select the cities that are able to receive a logistic group, and to solve a mathematical model by the use of mixed integer linear programming, to model this facility location problem.

In 2001, 3269 unidentified individuals were found in a mass grave on the Northern part of Vilnius, Lithuania. Artifactual context indicates that these individuals were likely soldiers that were a part of Napoleon’s Grand Army. Stable oxygen isotope analysis was performed on bone apatite from 9 femoral bone samples to determine whether or not these individuals were Lithuanian locals and to test ratio variation. If individuals were foreigners, then geographical origins were approximated utilizing percentages of C4 plants from Holder (2013) and δ18O values that were extracted from bone apatite. The carbonate oxygen isotope compositions (δ18Ocarbonate) of bone apatite from the femoral samples (-4.4‰ to -6.2‰) indicate that these individuals were from central and western Europe (-4.0‰ to -6.9‰). It is significant that none of the individuals have values consistent with the area around Lithuania (-10.0‰ to -11.9‰), because it means that they all were non-local. It is also indicative that the Lithuanians were not burying their citizens in the grave and therefore strongly support that these individuals were Napoleonic soldiers. Additionally, although C4 percentages in the diet ranged from 17.8% to 31.7%, which overlaps with eastern European consumption patterns (approximately 15% to 25% of C4 plants) (Reitsema et al., 2010), the slight shift towards a higher C4 percentage is more representative of a central and western European diet. These results are significant because they provide stable isotopic evidence that these individuals were Napoleon’s soldiers whom participated in the Russian campaign of 1812.

Hydrological and hydraulic effects of urban development is one of the key issues of study for improved water management. The addition of impervious surfaces to once pervious land and re-routing open channels and flow paths can cause flooding or declining water levels within a watershed. Many studies of these issues have found that there can be multiple factors causing hydrological and hydraulic impacts, and it can be hard to analyze and develop effective solutions without appropriate drainage software packages. However, there are multiple software packages available for use, and determining the correct one to use for a specific challenge can often be a case by case decision. This study compares two drainage software packages: Autodesk Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA), and the Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). Each of these software packages are used to create a model of the Andrée Clark Bird Refuge in Santa Barbara, CA. The models analyze both current conditions and anticipated system response under the assumption that historical runoff from a previously re-routed creek and corresponding watershed are restored. Each model was used to determine the minimum cumulative rainfall that causes circulation of the water body, a maximum cumulative rainfall that causes flooding on site, and response under both routing scenarios to a 2-year frequency storm. Results from both models are compared for uniformity, and application of each model is reviewed for its efficacy as a design tool for this sort of hydrological and hydraulic analysis.

The purpose of this research project is to examine the role of conflict resolution in training programmes for military peacekeepers. It offers a significant contribution to the conflict resolution literature by providing contemporary analysis of where further manifestations exist of the links between military peacekeeping and the academic study of conflict resolution. The thesis firstly provides a thorough analysis of where conflict resolution scholars have sought to critique and influence peacekeeping. This is mirrored by a survey of policy stemming from the United Nations (UN) in the period 1999-2010. The thesis then undertakes a survey of the role of civil-military cooperation: an area where there is obvious crossover between military peacekeeping and conflict resolution terminology. This is achieved firstly through an analysis of practitioner reports and academic research into the subject area, and secondly through a fieldwork analysis of training programmes at the UN Training School Ireland, and Royal Military Training Academy 4 Sandhurst (RMAS). The thesis goes on to provide a comprehensive examination of the role of negotiation for military peacekeepers. This examination incorporates a historical overview of negotiation in the British Army, a sampling of peacekeeping literature, and finally fieldwork observations of negotiation at RMAS. The thesis discusses how this has impacted significantly on conceptions of military peacekeepers from both the military and conflict resolution fields. The thesis adds considerably to contemporary debates over cosmopolitan forms of conflict resolution. Firstly it outlines where cosmopolitan ethics are entering into military training programmes, and how the emergence of institutionalised approaches in the UN to ¿human security¿ and peacebuilding facilitate this. Secondly, the thesis uses Woodhouse and Ramsbotham¿s framework to link the emergence of cosmopolitan values in training programmes to wider structural changes at a global level.

This thesis examines the British army and its legacy of counterinsurgency from the 20th century. It analyses the effects of post-colonial counterinsurgency and the army’s ability to learn from previous counterinsurgency conflicts to create new doctrine from earlier examples that could have had lessons for the UK forces in southern Iraq. Doctrine (both official and unofficial) ranges from endorsed army field manuals to theory written by experts while on defence fellowships. The army’s ability to create new doctrine from previous campaigns lessons and how it is diffused across the armed forces is also assessed. The conflicts used as post-colonial counterinsurgencies scrutinise Oman and Northern Ireland. These two case studies provide mixed lessons, that should advance and expand British counterinsurgency theory and models. The previous historical occurrences of counterinsurgency have created a British approach which has established a four-pillar framework which encompasses minimum force, civil-military co-operation, use of intelligence and tactical flexibility. This approach could identify lessons for a modern British army deployed to Iraq. If lessons and previous outcomes are analysed to create new doctrine, strategy and tactics that encompass the four pillars framework, what went wrong in southern Iraq? Could lessons from earlier campaigns have assisted British efforts?