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Prior research in dehumanization has elected to indirectly measure the extent to which individuals deny fundamental aspects of humanity to other groups. However, recent research suggests the study participants are more than willing to declare how human or unhuman like they feel various social groups are. An influential measure of assessing this blatant form of dehumanization is known as the Ascent of Human Scale (AOH). Despite much research providing evidence of blatant dehumanization towards out-groups, little research has specifically focused on testing assumptions pertaining to the scale’s administration or applying the scale to prior research settings. This thesis adds on the growing literature aimed at assessing methodological aspects of the AOH scale in addition to examining the relationship between blatant dehumanization and other psychological constructs. In study one, we build on prior work by manipulating the instructions participants typically see when giving ratings on the AOH. Results suggest that instructions do not appear to affect how participants rate social groups even when respondents are told the nature of the scale and what it is used for. In studies two and three we manipulate the extent to which a social group stands out amongst others on the AOH. Results reveal that group salience matters only when the in-group of participants is not present on the scale for rating. In studies four and five we examine the relationship between ascent dehumanization and social power, the ability to influence the behaviors of others. In study four we experimentally manipulate participants social power then have them rate various social groups on the AOH. In study five we measure respondents’ personal sense of power followed by social group ratings on the AOH. Results reveal that social power is not related to blatant dehumanization, challenging prior literature that has found a link between power and dehumanization in general. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The work in this thesis adds to the literature on measuring blatant forms of dehumanization. Specifically, this thesis tests assumptions around the use of the Ascent of Human Scale (AOH), an influential measure in social psychology used to measure blatant dehumanization. In addition, we examine if applying the AOH to previous research that has found a link between dehumanization and other constructs reveals similar findings. In the first study, we manipulated the scale’s instructions presented to participants to examine if specific language impacts how respondents rate social groups on the AOH. Results found that instruction changes have no impact on how respondents rate social groups, even when told the scale is a measure of blatant dehumanization. In studies two and three we manipulate the extent to which a social group stands out amongst others on the AOH scale. Results indicate that when the in-group of study participants is included on the scale (study two) salience appears not to effect ratings. However, when the in-group of participants is not included on the scale (study three) salience does impact ratings such that the more a group stands out, the more they are dehumanized. Studies four and five examine the relationship between social power and ascent dehumanization. In study four we experimentally manipulate participants’ feelings of social power then allow them to rate various social groups on the AOH. In study five, respondents take a measure of personal feelings of power then provide AOH ratings for various social groups. Results from both studies reveal that social power does not impact ascent dehumanization. Taken together the work in this thesis addresses potential concerns regarding the use of the AOH and encourages the application of the scale to previous work to examine if blatant dehumanization is related to other constructs that dehumanization is argued to be central to.

The physical properties and dynamic processes that control effusions of rhyolitic lavas are poorly constrained because of a paucity of direct observations. To assess the pre-eruptive storage conditions, eruptive ascent, and subaerial emplacement for a suite of volumetrically diverse rhyolitic lavas, I studied 10 obsidian lavas from Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming and Mono Craters, California. Storage, ascent, and emplacement of those lavas were quantitatively constrained using phenocryst compositions, high temperature experiments, microlite textures, and compositional gradients surrounding spherulites. Compositions of phenocrysts and quartz-hosted glass inclusions indicate the magmas at Yellowstone were stored at 750±25 °C in the shallow crust (<7 km), in agreement with phase equilibria experiments. Following the initiation of an eruption, magma leaves the chamber and ascends in a conduit. Microlite number density can be used to quantify eruptive ascent rates. To generate the observed microlite number densities (10⁸·¹¹±⁰·⁰³) to 10⁹·⁴⁵±⁰·¹⁵ cm⁻³), the magmas decompressed at ~1 MPa hour⁻¹, equivalent to ascent rates of ~10 mm s⁻¹. Upon subaerial emplacement, microlites act as rigid particles in a deforming fluid (lava), and hence their 3D orientations could indicate flow direction and how strain accumulates in the fluid during flow. Microlites are strongly aligned in samples from all flows, but variations in alignment were found to be independent of flow volume or distance travelled. Together, those observations suggest that strains accumulated during subaerial transport must be small (<2). Instead, microlites most likely aligned in response to strain in the conduit, which can be generated by collapse and flattening. Upon reaching the surface, the cooling history and longevity of rhyolitic lavas are critical for developing models of emplacement and hazard assessment. Compositional gradients surrounding spherulites provide one method to assess such temporal characteristics. Spherulites, crystalline spheres of radiating quartz and feldspar, form by crystallization of obsidian glass in response to cooling. An advection-diffusion model was developed to simulate the growth of spherulites and compositional gradients that develop in the surrounding glass during spherulite growth. Observed gradients are consistent with spherulites growing between ~700 and ~400 °C, and cooling at rates of 10⁻⁵·²±⁰·³) °C s⁻¹. / text

Magíster en Gestión de Operaciones / todos desarrollados en estudios previos. Para este tipo de problemas, la formEn este trabajo se desarrolla un nuevo enfoque para resolver el problema de diseño de redes no capacitadas con fuente única en base a la combinación de méulación multicommodity que desagrega las demandas ha sido utilizada extensamente y se ha probado que se obtienen mejores resultados que con la formulación de flujo en redes clásica al comparar sus relajaciones lineales. En este trabajo se muestra que dicha formulación puede mejorar aún más al duplicar y dirigir arcos no-dirigidos. Con este concepto, se desarrolla un método de ascenso dual específico para el problema de diseño con fuente única que entrega cotas inferiores de buena calidad. Dentro de este método se propone un esquema de clasificación de commodities que permite una representación reducida del problema y que entrega mejores cotas inferiores en las instancias testeadas. Adicionalmente, este método también entrega una subred de tamaño reducido que se utiliza para encontrar soluciones primales factibles. Se muestra, que en este sentido, el método de ascenso dual es una excelente herramienta de selección de arcos en términos del potencial que tiene la subred de encontrar soluciones primales de buena calidad. Para obtener la solución primal, se utiliza la formulación multicommodity original o un esquema de generación de filas dependiendo del tamaño de la instancia. Se testean los distintos enfoques en instancias de distintos tamaños de redes en forma de grilla generadas aleatoriamente variando sus parámetros y su relación de costos fijos a costos de flujo, testeando instancias que en su equivalente de formulación multicommodity llegan a más de 16 millones de variables. / Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT)

Given an undirected network with L possible facility types for each edge, and a partition of the nodes into L levels, the Multi-level Network Design (MLND) problem seeks a fixed cost minimizing design that spans all the nodes and connects the nodes at each level by facilities of the corresponding or higher type. This problem generalizes the well-known Steiner network problem and the hierarchical network design problem, and has applications in telecommunication, transportation, and electric power distribution network design. In a companion paper we introduced the problem, studied alternative model formulations, and analyzed the worst-case performance of heuristics based on Steiner network and spanning tree solutions. This paper develops and tests a dual-based algorithm for the Multi-level Network Design (MLND) problem. The method first performs problem preprocessing to fix certain design variables, and then applies a dual ascent procedure to generate upper and lower bounds on the optimal value. We report extensive computational results on large, random networks (containing up to 500 nodes, and 5000 edges) with varying cost structures. The integer programming formulation of the largest of these problems has 20,000 integer variables and over 5 million constraints. Our tests indicate that the dualbased algorithm is very effective, producing solutions guaranteed to be within 0 to 0.9% of optimality.

Thesis (Ph. D)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 291-296).

Predicting the kinetics of a chemical reaction is a challenging task, particularly for systems in states far from equilibrium. This work discusses the use of a relatively new theory known as intrinsic quantum thermodynamics (IQT) and its mathematical framework steepest-entropy-ascent quantum thermodynamics (SEA-QT) to predict the reaction kinetics at atomistic levels of chemically reactive systems in the non-equilibrium realm. IQT has emerged over the last three decades as the theory that not only unifies two of the three theories of physical reality, namely, quantum mechanics (QM), and thermodynamics but as well provides a physical basis for both the entropy and entropy production. The SEA-QT framework is able to describe the evolution in state of a system undergoing a dissipative process based on the principle of steepest-entropy ascent or locally-maximal-entropy generation. The work presented in this dissertation demonstrates for the first time the use of the SEA-QT framework to model the evolution in state of a chemically reactive system as its state relaxes to stable equilibrium. This framework brings a number of benefits to the field of reaction kinetics. Among these is the ability to predict the unique non-equilibrium (kinetic) thermodynamic path which the state of the system follows in relaxing to stable equilibrium. As a consequence, the reaction rate kinetics at every instant of time is known as are the chemical affinities, the reaction coordinates, the direction of reaction, the activation energies, the entropy, the entropy production, etc. All is accomplished without any limiting assumption of stable or pseudo-stable equilibrium. The objective of this work is to implement the SEA-QT framework to describe the chemical reaction process as a dissipative one governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and thermodynamics and to extract thermodynamic properties for states that are far from equilibrium. The F+H2-->HF+H and H+F2-->HF+F reaction mechanisms are used as model problems to implement this framework. / Ph. D.

The path of steepest ascent can used to optimize a response in an experiment, but problems can occur with multiple responses. Past approaches to this issue such as Del Castillo’s overlap of confidence cones and Mee and Xiao’s Pareto Optimality, have not considered the correlations of the responses or parameter uncertainty. We propose a new method using the Bayesian reliability to calculate this direction. We utilize this method with four examples: a 2 factor, 2-response experiment where the paths of steepest ascent are similar, ensuring our results match Del Castillo’s and Mee and Xiao’s; a 2 factor, 2-response experiment with disparate paths of steepest ascent illustrating the importance of the Bayesian reliability; two simulation examples, showing parameter uncertainty is considered; and a 5 factor, 2-response experiment proving this method is not dimensional limited. With a Bayesian reliable point, a direction in multivariate steepest ascent can be found.

A new buoyant jet model is presented in this thesis to simulate the trajectory and dilution of a fluid from a single port or line source. The new features include: A generalised derivation of the governing equations so that buoyant jets discharged from a source of any shape can be modelled within the one framework, and the effects of high-frequency internal waves on the motion of the buoyant jet. Past buoyant jet models were constructed for specific cases and their application is necessarily restricted. In this thesis, a new model is developed in a Lagrangian framework that can be applied to buoyant jet discharges at any angle into ambient waters that may be stratified or unstratified, flowing or stagnant. The model is validated using both laboratory and field data. Furthermore, the model is applicable to the continuous discharge of a buoyant jet from line, axisymmetric or elliptic sources and to the instantaneous discharge of a spherical puff. No previously published model is capable of unifying and solving all of these problems within the one framework. Transforming the governing equations to their non-dimensional form shows that the trajectory and dilution of discharges from line or axisymmetric sources or of spherical puffs into a flowing, stratified ambient environment are uniquely specified using three parameters. These are: the non-dimensional size of the outlet port, the relative importance of the initial fluxes of momentum and buoyancy, and the number of orthogonal planes through which entrainment can occur. This is a significant advance in the understanding of the processes affecting buoyant jets. When high-frequency internal waves are present in the receiving waters they can have significant effects on the buoyant jet. These effects are incorporated into the present model. Using data obtained from an experiment conducted off Sydney the effects of internal waves on the height of rise and dilution of the buoyant jet were found to exceed a factor of two. Consequently, it is important that the effects of internal waves (when present) be incorporated into any buoyant jet model.

In the event of a small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA) in a nuclear reactor, cold fluid is injected through the reactor system high pressure injector to compensate for the coolant loss. When this flow rate is less than a critical value, however, the hot fluid in the cold leg penetrates into the vertical injection line in a process called buoyant backflow. Because the resulting penetrations induce thermal stresses in the pipe, the presence of backflow in the injection lines is potentially significant. Since these penetrations could potentially damage the pipe, it was the purpose of this study to evaluate the backflow behavior. To this end, both the critical injection conditions and the subcritical penetration depth were experimentally determined through flow simulation in a 1/5 scale model. In addition, the experimental trends wi-re modeled theoretically. By matching the theoretical results to the experimental data, it was determined that backflow began below a critical Froude number of .65 and increased in depth with the negative logarithm of the injection velocity. The agreement between theory and experiment was excellent. For a certain class of reactor systems, the full scale Froude numbers were then compared to the critical value obtained in the analysis. For the systems involved in this comparison, the full scale Froude numbers were shown to be less than .65 for all practical flow rates. As a consequence, buoyant backflow is expected within the injection lines of these reactors, under safety injection conditions. / Graduation date: 1991