No description available.

Swales are designed to infiltrate runoff from intermittent storm events. Present design methodologies have resulted in swales which operate under several conditions; these conditions are soil, vegetation, climatic and geographical location dependent. To attain a swale design which considers and accounts for the important factors under Florida conditions, adequate assessment of rainfall, overland, flow, infiltration and soil moisture must be given priority treatment. Several roadside and residential swales were studied and relationships were drawn for soil moisture, porosity and infiltration rates. A design methodology is included and computer modeling infiltration aids in the design.

No description available.

The purpose of this investigation is the application of the penetration model for gas absorption with chemical reaction in a stirred reactor and the evaluation of the parameters of the penetration model, viz. the gas-liquid interfacial area and gas-liquid particle contact time, for the different agitation intensities and gas rates. The values of these parameters for the model were determined by measuring the rates of absorption of carbon dioxide into caustic solutions and then forcing the model to give values of the parameter consistent with observed rates of absorption. The contact times and interfacial areas were determined for five agitation rates ranging from 150 revolutions of the agitator to 350 and for five gas input rates ranging from superficial gas velocities of 0.29 centimeter per second to about 1.2 centimeters per second. These parameters were evaluated for three different caustic strengths. The interfacial areas show discrepancies in values for the three different caustic strengths. These results, together with the work of an earlier investigator, seem to suggest that, for design and scale-up purposes for gas absorption in solutions, experiments be set up with the solutions of actual interest. The interfacial areas obtained correlate well] with the correlations given by Calderbank, which is based on the work of Hinze on bubble sizes in turbulent regimes. The gas-liquid particle contact times are again found to be dependent on the intensity of agitation and the gas rates. A correlation based on the theory of isotropic turbulence has been proposed and found to correlate the data well. / Ph. D.

De nouvelles normes plus strictes en matière d'émissions de nutriments dans les eaux voient le jour, notamment une norme de 0,1 mg P/L dans les Grands Lacs. De nouvelles méthodes de traitement doivent être développées pour atteindre des concentrations de phosphore aussi faibles à un prix raisonnable. L'adsorption à l'aide d'une résine hybride échangeuse d'anions imprégnée de nanoparticules de fer est une méthode prometteuse, car elle permet d'atteindre des concentrations faibles à un coût opérationnel raisonnable. Elle consiste en une première étape d'adsorption, puis une régénération, après quoi le cycle peut recommencer. La solution de régénération récupérée est très concentrée en phosphate et il devient plus facile par la suite de récupérer ce phosphate à l'aide de précipitation. Malgré des résultats prometteurs trouvés dans la littérature, très peu d'optimisation sur la régénération a été faite et cette étape est très peu documentée, malgré qu'elle consiste en la majorité des coûts opérationnels. Également, la plupart des expériences ont été effectuées avec des eaux usées synthétiques, qui n'ont pas les problèmes opérationnels tels que la formation de biofilm ou la présence d'ions compétiteurs et de contaminants. De plus, il y a peu d'information sur l'adsorption en présence d'ions compétiteurs et il devient difficile de prédire la capacité d'adsorption de la résine. Ce projet de maîtrise consiste à optimiser et documenter le procédé de régénération, tester l'efficacité de la résine avec des eaux usées réelles et quantifier l'effet des ions compétiteurs sur la capacité d'adsorption. Pour ce faire, des expériences en batch et en microcolonne ont été effectuées avec des eaux usées synthétiques pour modéliser la régénération et obtenir une solution de régénération efficace et peu coûteuse. Par la suite, des expériences en microcolonnes avec des eaux usées réelles ont été réalisées avec une saturation de la résine et ensuite avec une régénération à chaque 48 heures pour voir l'évolution du biofilm. Finalement, les isothermes de Langmuir et de Freundlich ont été modélisés pour les sulfates, chlorures et les phosphates à pH neutre. Les résultats des premières expériences révèlent que 15,89 volumes de lit d'une solution de 0,70% et 0,78% massique de NaOH et de NaCl avec un temps de résidence de 5 minutes permettent de minimiser les coûts de régénération. Cela a également montré que la concentration de base est le paramètre le plus important lors de la régénération, suivi par le nombre de volumes de lit, la concentration de sel et finalement le temps de résidence. Les expériences en microcolonne avec des eaux usées réelles justifient une fréquence de régénération de 48 heures pour prévenir la formation de biofilm, et que cette méthode est même économiquement avantageuse par rapport à choisir un temps entre les régénérations plus élevé. Finalement, l'isotherme de Freundlich est le mieux adapté pour décrire l'adsorption des sulfates et des phosphates, mais l'adsorption des chlorures est mieux décrite par l'isotherme de Langmuir. Les isothermes mixtes ne sont pas concluants en raison de mauvais résultats dus aux méthodes de mesure utilisées. / As new and stricter nutrients emission regulations are announced, such as a 0,1 mg P/L for the Great Lakes, it becomes imperative to develop and optimize new nutrient recovery methods in order to respect such strict laws. A method with promising results is the adsorption with hybrid anion exchange resins impregnated with iron oxide nanoparticles. This technology consists in adsorbing phosphate and then recovering it by regenerating the resin. The recovered phosphate solution obtained after the resin regeneration is highly concentrated, making it easy to precipitate the phosphate. Despite the promising results found in literature, very little optimization has been pursued regarding the regeneration, even though it constitutes one of the most important operational costs. In addition, most of the research has been done with synthetic wastewater, which does not allow studying all the operational problems that one can encounter with real wastewater such as biofilm formation and the presence of multiple competitive ions and other contaminants. Finally, there is very little information on the adsorption of the competitive ions in the literature, so it becomes nearly impossible to predict the adsorption capacity of the resin for real cases. Therefore, this master project focusses on optimizing and documenting the regeneration process, executing experiments with real wastewater to see if the resin is still efficient and finally developing isotherms with competitive ions in order to predict the adsorption capacity of the resin in real conditions. In order to do so, batch and micro-column experiments were done with synthetic wastewater to model and optimize the regeneration steps and reduce its costs. Then, experiments with real wastewater were performed using two different regeneration methods. The first method was to regenerate the column after a complete saturation, and the second method was with a 48 h interval between regenerations. Finally, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were modelled for sulfate, chloride and phosphate at neutral pH. Results from the first set of experiments showed that sulfates and chlorides have the same effect on the regeneration performance. A cost-effective solution for the regeneration was established, which involves the use of 15,89 bed volumes of a 0,70% and 0,78% weight solution of NaOH and NaCl respectively with a residence time of 5 minutes. They also revealed that the base concentration is the most important parameter for the regeneration, followed by the number of bed volumes, the salt concentration and finally the residence time. Experiments with real wastewater showed that a 48 h interval between regeneration cycles was the most efficient one to regenerate and remove the biofilm formation. Finally, the Freundlich isotherm is the most adapted to describe sulfate and phosphate adsorption, but the Langmuir isotherm is more adapted for chloride adsorption. Mixed ions isotherms were not concluding due to problems with measurements.

A detailed study has been carried out to investigate the dissolution characteristics of unstabilized and stabilized CrO₂ particles. It has been found that on contact of CrO₂ with aqueous solutions, it dissolves by disproportionation reaction to HCrO₄ and Cr2O₃. XPS study has shown that stabilization of CrO₂ particles with bisulfite solution leads to the formation of Cr2O₃. However, because of agglomeration of the CrO₂ particles due to their magnetic properties, not all of the surface is completely stabilized. The electrokinetic characteristics of Cr(IV) and Cr(III) oxides in aqueous solutions have been investigated. Experiments suggest that sulfite ions chemisorb strongly on Cr₂O₃ particles. Experiments have also been carried out to study the adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on Cr₂O₃ particles. With increasing SDS concentration, Cr₂O₃ becomes less positively charged and ultimately negatively charged when the surfactant concentration exceeds 10⁻³ M. This suggests that SDS specifically adsorbs onto the oxide.

Thesis (MScEng (Process Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Sequestration of carbon dioxide, CO2, has received large interest as a viable option for mitigating the high atmospheric concentrations of this greenhouse gas. Each year 25 gigatons of anthropogenic CO2 (7.3 GtC/yr) are released into the earth’s atmosphere with the combustion of fossil fuels being the major contributing source. Research in the field of sequestration technology involves evaluating various geological structures as possible reservoirs, determining adsorption capacities of natural formations and developing methods for carbon dioxide injection and the monitoring thereof. Identified potential CO2 reservoirs for geological carbon sequestration (GCS) include saline formations, depleted oil and gas fields and deep coal seams. Carbon dioxide sequestration in coal seams provides the economic opportunity of enhanced coalbed methane (CH4) recovery (ECBM). In South Africa, some coal seams are considered a viable option for long term CO2 sequestration projects as they are abundant and closely situated to South Africa’s largest concentrated CO2 point sources. Many studies have been conducted to determine the sorption capacities for methane and carbon dioxide gases on various coals from around the world; however, similar data have not been recorded for South African coals. The objectives of this study are to determine the adsorption capacities for methane and carbon dioxide of three South African coals over a pressure range of 0 – 50 bar. In the study, single-component gas adsorption experiments were conducted and the absolute adsorption capacities are reported. Isothermal adsorption experiments were conducted using both the volumetric and gravimetric methods with the volumetric apparatus pressure range extending up to 50 bar and the gravimetric apparatus up to 20 bar. Carbon dioxide adsorption capacities are much higher than the methane adsorption capacities, which are expected. Gravimetric experiments produce greater adsorption capacities than the volumetric method. However, the relative CO2/CH4 ratios for each coal, as well as the relative CO2/CO2 ratios between coals, remain almost identical. The difference in adsorption capacity is attributed to the strength of the vacuum pump used on each apparatus. The gravimetric apparatus makes use of a much stronger vacuum pump which can thus evacuate the coal pores more adequately than in the volumetric apparatus. The methane and carbon dioxide adsorption capacities of the three moisture-free coals compare well with literature data. The adsorption isotherms fit conventional adsorption models (the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations) extremely well thus indicating that monolayer adsorption takes place. Since no internationally recognised testing standards are in place regarding adsorption procedures on coal, it is very difficult to compare adsorption results presented in the literature. Respective researchers determine their own experimental conditions for the many variables in coal adsorption studies. It is recommended that international testing standards be set in place to make coal research comparable. Such efforts would aid the development of a coal adsorption database, another recommendation, which would advance sequestration technology exchange and eliminate duplication of research efforts. The objectives of the project were achieved by determining the absolute adsorption capacities for carbon dioxide and methane gas of the three South African coals within a pressure range of 0 – 50 bar. Further work is required to investigate adsorption capacities of South African coals under supercritical conditions (above 73 bar abs and 31.1 oC).

published_or_final_version / Physics / Master / Master of Philosophy

The objective of this dissertation was to study the disposition and absorption of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in healthy male subjects as a function of age. Deficiencies of these vitamins have been found in the elderly and malabsorption is suspected in this population. Absorption of riboflavin was examined by administration of an oral dose of 200 mg of riboflavin-5'-phosphate (FMN) and disposition was studied following a 30 min constant rate IV infusion of FMN equivalent to 25 mg of riboflavin. Ascorbic acid absorption was examined by administration of a 5 g oral dose and disposition was studied following a 1 g IV dose. Test doses of these vitamins were administered to subjects ranging in age from 33 to 85 years. High performance liquid chromatographic assays were developed for the determination of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in plasma and urine. The method for riboflavin separated FMN and flavin adenine dinucleotide under isocratic conditions. Quantification of the three flavins was achieved by fluorescence detection. The assay system for ascrobic acid used a postcolumn reaction for the fluorometric detection of a dehydroascorbic acid derivative. This method used isoascorbic acid as the internal standard. Finally, similar specificity between a "methoxyaniline" colorimetric method and the chromatographic method was observed for the quantification of ascorbic acid in plasma and urine. Albumin plasma concentration and riboflavin protein binding were decreased with age (p < 0.05). The in vitro stability of ascorbic acid in whole blood and plasma decreased with age (p < 0.05, n = 17). The results of this study indicate no age-related alterations in parameters associated with the gastrointestinal absorption of these vitamins. Increased relative renal excretion of riboflavin with age may explain the deficiency of this vitamin. On the other hand, ascorbic acid deficiency with age may be explained by decreased stability of the vitamin in blood.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Bibliography: leaves [61-63]. / by Rosalyn A. Preston. / M.S.