O objetivo do trabalho foi propor modelos para estimar índice de área foliar, fitomassa seca e extração de macronutrientes pela cultura de arroz, bem como determinar a época de máxima taxa de extração de N e K. O experimento foi conduzido na várzea do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQ/USP. O solo foi classificado como Gleissolo Eutrófico, horizonte A chernozênico, textura média a argilosa (FAO -Unesco: Gleysols; USDA: Humic Haplaquept). Foi utilizada a variedade cultivada IAC 103, caracterizada por ser de ciclo médio e de alto rendimento. As variáveis observadas foram o índice de área foliar, a fitomassa seca em diferentes compartimentos da planta (raiz, folha e colmo e panícula) e os teores de macronutrientes por unidade de fitomassa seca. Para estimativa da extração de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, levou-se em consideração o teor de macronutrientes na planta e a produção, por unidade de área, de fitomassa seca. Em função dos resultados obtidos, foram propostos modelos cuja base matemática é fundamentada em eventos biológicos que acontecem ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Os modelos propostos apresentaram adequado desempenho para definir ordem de grandeza dos valores de índice de área foliar, fitomassa seca, extração de macronutrientes pela cultura de arroz, bem como para estimar a máxima taxa de absorção de N e K. / The objective of this study was to propose models to estimate leaf area index, dry matter and uptake macronutrients, and to determinate the maximum N and K uptake rates moment by rice crop. The field experiment was carried out at a wetland area of the Crop Science Department, University of São Paulo, Brazil. The soil is classified as Humic Haplaquept (FAO - UNESCO: Gleysols; Brazil: Gleissolo Eutrófico). The rice variety IAC 103 (middle season cycle and high yield) was used. Observed variables were leaf area index, dry matter from different parts of the plant (root, leaf and stem, and panicle) and macronutrient content. To estimate N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S extraction, the macronutrient content and dry matter were used. As results of this study, phytotechnical models, based on biological events that occurred during the crop cycle, were proposed. These models showed a satisfactory behavior to define the magnitude of estimated leaf area index, dry matter, macronutrient extraction by rice crop and maximum N and K uptake rates.

O objetivo do trabalho foi propor modelos para estimar índice de área foliar, fitomassa seca e extração de macronutrientes pela cultura de arroz, bem como determinar a época de máxima taxa de extração de N e K. O experimento foi conduzido na várzea do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQ/USP. O solo foi classificado como Gleissolo Eutrófico, horizonte A chernozênico, textura média a argilosa (FAO –Unesco: Gleysols; USDA: Humic Haplaquept). Foi utilizada a variedade cultivada IAC 103, caracterizada por ser de ciclo médio e de alto rendimento. As variáveis observadas foram o índice de área foliar, a fitomassa seca em diferentes compartimentos da planta (raiz, folha e colmo e panícula) e os teores de macronutrientes por unidade de fitomassa seca. Para estimativa da extração de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, levou-se em consideração o teor de macronutrientes na planta e a produção, por unidade de área, de fitomassa seca. Em função dos resultados obtidos, foram propostos modelos cuja base matemática é fundamentada em eventos biológicos que acontecem ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Os modelos propostos apresentaram adequado desempenho para definir ordem de grandeza dos valores de índice de área foliar, fitomassa seca, extração de macronutrientes pela cultura de arroz, bem como para estimar a máxima taxa de absorção de N e K. / The objective of this study was to propose models to estimate leaf area index, dry matter and uptake macronutrients, and to determinate the maximum N and K uptake rates moment by rice crop. The field experiment was carried out at a wetland area of the Crop Science Department, University of São Paulo, Brazil. The soil is classified as Humic Haplaquept (FAO – UNESCO: Gleysols; Brazil: Gleissolo Eutrófico). The rice variety IAC 103 (middle season cycle and high yield) was used. Observed variables were leaf area index, dry matter from different parts of the plant (root, leaf and stem, and panicle) and macronutrient content. To estimate N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S extraction, the macronutrient content and dry matter were used. As results of this study, phytotechnical models, based on biological events that occurred during the crop cycle, were proposed. These models showed a satisfactory behavior to define the magnitude of estimated leaf area index, dry matter, macronutrient extraction by rice crop and maximum N and K uptake rates.

The ultrastructure and physiology of the secretory glands of Dionaea muscipula Ellis (The Venus's Flytrap) have been examined in order to investigate the mechanism of obtaining nutrients practised by this plant. The dynamic changes in the ultrastructure following stimulation have been examined. Particularly prominent features are a decrease in the size of the main cell vacuole and an increase in smaller vacuoles. Important changes are also observed in the distribution of ribosomes within the secretory cells. By the use of high resolution histochemical, cytochemical, and autoradiographic methods, it is shown that the secretory hydrolases are probably stored in a sub-compartment of the vacuole, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the cell walls. It is shown by quantification of the cell and by autoradiography that the dictyosomes do not appear to be involved in the discharge of secretion, but rather that this probably occurs both by direct fusion of the endoplasmic reticulum with the plasmalemma and by the migration of vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum directly to the cell periphery. Evidence is presented to show that, in addition to being released from a site of storage, some of the protein discharged is synthesized de novo during the cycle. This is suggested by the observed formation of numerous polysomes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in the secretory cells and confirmed by radiolabelling techniques. A preliminary analysis of the enzymology of the secretion is presented and it is tentatively suggested that there are several peptide hydrolase activities present, possibly including a serine proteinase and a carboxypeptidase. It is shown that the secretion can hydrolyse chitin and has peroxidase activity. By following the absorption of chloride ions, it is shown that the plasmodesmata are important in the uptake of these ions. The overall architecture of the gland is considered in relation to the possible pathway of absorption of digestive products and it is suggested that the plasmo-desmata are probably the primary route for the movement of nutrients into the glands. A model is put forward, based on these observations, for the way in which the gland conducts a bi-directional flow of material. It is hypothesized that, while absorption takes place via the symplast, secretory proteins are discharged directly into the apoplast and flushed from there by hydrostatic pressure generated by the inner secretory cells. Suggestions are made for how this might be achieved.

The objectives of this research were (1) to study the relative ability of genetically different types of domestic chickens to digest and absorb fat of different types, and (2) to relate fat absorbability coefficients to dietary apparent M. E. values obtained with genetically different types of chickens feeding on diets containing the different types of fat, (3) to search for a possible cause of poultry genetic difference in fat absorbability by examining some of the factors most likely to influence fat digestion and absorption in the genetically different types of chickens. Using New Hampshire, White Leghorn and broiler-type birds, it was found that until 6 weeks of age the New Hampshires were significantly (P≤0.05) superior to the others in their ability to utilize animal tallow. Differences among birds in the absorbability of corn oil were small. Differences in dietary M.E. estimates were closely associated with differences in fat absorbability values and on a 12% tallow diet, the R² values computed on a within age between breeds basis, were 0.67, 0.36 and 0.022 at 3, 5, and 9 weeks of age respectively. This general decline in R² values was a reflection of the narrowing of the range of fat absorbability differences among different types of birds as they grew older. The overall conclusion based on these results, is that breed and/or age differences in M.E. estimates are to a large extent attributable to breed and/or age differences in the absorbability of dietary lipid materials. The search for potential causes of the observed breed differences in fat absorbability was therefore the main theme of the subsequent experiments. A study of the feed passage time in birds of different genetic backgrounds failed to provide any conclusive evidence on whether or not breed differences in ingesta transit time are in measureable terms responsible for fat absorbability differences. It was found, however, that with diets containing 12% of animal tallow or corn oil, feed passage time was significantly longer regardless of the type of birds. On the basis of the results of an experiment in which in vitro pancreatic lipase activity was measured, the New Hampshires ranked first followed by Broilers and White Leghorns in that order. However, the magnitude of differences among them was small. Supplementation of the 12% tallow diet with the bile salt, sodium taurocholate, improved fat utilization significantly by the broiler-type and White Leghorn chicks to the extent of 8.6% and 7.2% respectively. The improvement in fat absorbability was associated with a significant reduction in the amount of fecal soap fatty cacids. The effect of the sodium taurocholate suggested that in the Broilers and White Leghorn chicks, the supply of bile salts was below the critical micellar concentration required for efficient tallow fat absorption. Results from a general study on intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FABP) revealed that a fatty acid binding protein in the same molecular weight range as that one demonstrated in the rat, exists in the intestinal mucosa of the adult chickens and in the mesenteric intestine of day-old chicks prior to the ingestion of any feed. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ipf_me_botfca.pdf: 811263 bytes, checksum: f5d3077013320ac555e0dc1689b1cc81 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O glufosinate é um herbicida derivado do fosfinotricina, uma toxina microbiana natural isolada a partir de duas espécies de fungos do gênero Streptomyces. O mecanismo de ação é a inibição direta da enzima glutamina sintetase, que resulta no aumento da concentração de amônio, sendo tóxico para as células. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a velocidade de absorção do glufosinate e seus efeitos em plantas daninhas e na cultura do algodão. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação com o cultivar de algodão FiberMax 910 e as plantas daninhas Brachiaria decumbens e Ipomoea grandifolia plantadas em vasos. O experimento foi instalado com duas formulações do herbicida, glufosinate de amônio (2,0 L p.c. ha-1) e glufosinate de potássio (2,0 L ha-1), cinco períodos sem a ocorrência de chuvas (1; 3; 6; 24 e 48 horas após aplicação) e uma testemunha sem aplicação com quatro repetições por tratamento. As plantas para as análises laboratoriais foram coletadas com dois dias após aplicação, quando começaram a aparecer os primeiros sintomas de intoxicação visual. As variáveis analisadas foram teor de amônia, glutamato, glutamina e glufosinate; sintomas de intoxicação visual e taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR). Foi observado... / Glufosinate is derived of phosphinothricin, a natural microbial toxin isolated from two species of the Streptomyces fungus. The mechanism of action is through direct inhibition of the glutamine synthetase enzyme, which results in the increase of ammonium concentration, becoming toxic to the cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of absorption of glufosinate and its effects on weeds and cotton culture. The experiment was conducted in a green house, the cultivar of cotton FiberMax 910, Brachiaria decumbens and Ipomoea grandifolia planted in 5 liter pots. The experiment was conducted with two formulations of the herbicide, glufosinate ammonium (2.0 pc L ha-1) and glufosinate potassium (2.0 L ha-1), five periods without rainfall (1, 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours after application) and an untreated control with all treatments were replicated four times. The plants for laboratory analysis were collected within 2 days after application, when the first visual symptoms of intoxication began to appear. The analyzed variables were the ammonia content, the content of compounds that belongs to the glufosinate metabolic route (glutamate and glutamine), glufosinate content, visual symptoms of intoxication and electron transport rate (ETR). It was observed that the absorption of glufosinate occurs within 48 hours of application for both formulations and evaluated species. The amount of ammonia in the commercial formulation did not interfere with ammonia levels observed in intoxicated plants. The highest levels of ammonia for cotton occurred at 5 hours without rain, and for B. decumbens and I. grandifolia with 6 hours without rain. We have observed a significant reduction of glutamate and glutamine in plants treated with the two formulations of glufosinate, with the lowest levels found in cotton and B. decumbens carried out in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Caio Antonio Carbonari / Coorientador: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Banca: Fernando Tadeu de Carvalho / Banca: Ana Catarina Cataneo / Resumo: O glufosinate é um herbicida derivado do fosfinotricina, uma toxina microbiana natural isolada a partir de duas espécies de fungos do gênero Streptomyces. O mecanismo de ação é a inibição direta da enzima glutamina sintetase, que resulta no aumento da concentração de amônio, sendo tóxico para as células. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a velocidade de absorção do glufosinate e seus efeitos em plantas daninhas e na cultura do algodão. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação com o cultivar de algodão FiberMax 910 e as plantas daninhas Brachiaria decumbens e Ipomoea grandifolia plantadas em vasos. O experimento foi instalado com duas formulações do herbicida, glufosinate de amônio (2,0 L p.c. ha-1) e glufosinate de potássio (2,0 L ha-1), cinco períodos sem a ocorrência de chuvas (1; 3; 6; 24 e 48 horas após aplicação) e uma testemunha sem aplicação com quatro repetições por tratamento. As plantas para as análises laboratoriais foram coletadas com dois dias após aplicação, quando começaram a aparecer os primeiros sintomas de intoxicação visual. As variáveis analisadas foram teor de amônia, glutamato, glutamina e glufosinate; sintomas de intoxicação visual e taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR). Foi observado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Glufosinate is derived of phosphinothricin, a natural microbial toxin isolated from two species of the Streptomyces fungus. The mechanism of action is through direct inhibition of the glutamine synthetase enzyme, which results in the increase of ammonium concentration, becoming toxic to the cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of absorption of glufosinate and its effects on weeds and cotton culture. The experiment was conducted in a green house, the cultivar of cotton FiberMax 910, Brachiaria decumbens and Ipomoea grandifolia planted in 5 liter pots. The experiment was conducted with two formulations of the herbicide, glufosinate ammonium (2.0 pc L ha-1) and glufosinate potassium (2.0 L ha-1), five periods without rainfall (1, 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours after application) and an untreated control with all treatments were replicated four times. The plants for laboratory analysis were collected within 2 days after application, when the first visual symptoms of intoxication began to appear. The analyzed variables were the ammonia content, the content of compounds that belongs to the glufosinate metabolic route (glutamate and glutamine), glufosinate content, visual symptoms of intoxication and electron transport rate (ETR). It was observed that the absorption of glufosinate occurs within 48 hours of application for both formulations and evaluated species. The amount of ammonia in the commercial formulation did not interfere with ammonia levels observed in intoxicated plants. The highest levels of ammonia for cotton occurred at 5 hours without rain, and for B. decumbens and I. grandifolia with 6 hours without rain. We have observed a significant reduction of glutamate and glutamine in plants treated with the two formulations of glufosinate, with the lowest levels found in cotton and B. decumbens carried out in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The present study sought to identify the effects of chronic lithium administration on ethanol intakes in high alcohol-preferring (HAP) mice. Lithium is a well-established treatment for bipolar disorder and has demonstrated efficacy in reducing impulsivity, an endophenotype of the disease. Impulsivity is also a prominent trait of alcoholism. HAP mice display a preference for consuming substantial amounts of ethanol and exhibit abnormally high levels of impulsivity. Previous work has determined that chronic lithium exposure in HAP mice reduces their levels of impulsivity. The present study analyzed fluctuations in established intake patterns after lithium exposure and how pre-exposure to lithium would affect ethanol intake acquisition. The results showed an increase in ethanol intake and no change in preference for ethanol over water in lithium treated mice. There was an increase in overall total fluid consumption in these mice, likely resulting from polydipsic effects. There also appeared to be a potentiated lithium toxicity effect found in those mice pre-exposed to lithium. The conclusion was that lithium therapy does not decrease ethanol consumption in HAP mice.

A recently emerging engineering design approach entails studying the brilliant design solutions found in nature with an aim to develop design strategies that mimic the remarkable efficiency found in biological systems. This novel engineering approach is referred to as bio-inspired design. In this context, the present study quantifies the structure-property relations in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) horn keratin, qualitatively characterizes the effects of a tapered spiral geometry (the same form as in a ram’s horn) on pressure wave and impulse mitigation, describes the stress attenuation capabilities and features of a ram’s head, and compares the structures and mechanical properties of some energy absorbent natural materials. The results and ideas presented herein can be used in the development of lightweight, energy absorbent, bio-inspired material designs. Among the most notable conclusions garnered from this research include: Horn keratin behaves in an anisotropic manner similar to a long fiber composite. Moisture content dominates the material behavior of horn keratin more than anisotropy, age, and stress-state. This makes moisture content the most influential parameter on the mechanical behavior of horn keratin. Tapered geometries mitigate the impulse generated by a stress wave due to the convergent boundary and a continually decreasing cross sectional area such that greater uniaxial stresses and subsequent axial deformation arises. Furthermore, the tapered geometry introduces small shear stresses that further decrease the impulse. Spiral geometries attenuate the impulse generated by a stress wave by the introduction of shear stresses along the length of the spiral. These shear stresses introduce transverse displacements that function to lessen the impulse. When both a taper and spiral geometry are used in a design, their synergistic effects multiplicatively reduce the impulse Tough natural materials have a high porosity, which makes them light-weight, while increasing their compressive energy absorption ability. Biomaterials whose functions include protection and energy absorption feature a multiscale, hierarchical, composite structure. The constituent materials are arranged in such ways to achieve a synergistic effect, where the properties of the composite exceed the properties of its constituents. Biological materials are therefore not confined to the law of mixtures.