Thesis (M.D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1800. / "An inaugural dissertation, for the degree of Doctor of Medicine; submitted to the examination of the Rev. John Ewing, S.T.P. provost; the trustees & medical faculty, of the University of Pennsylvania, on the thirty-first of May 1800"--P. [3]. Signatures: [A]⁴ B-G⁴ (G4 blank). Not in Blake. Film 633 reel 88 is part of Research Publications Early American Medical Imprints collection (RP reel 88, no. 1758). DNLM

No description available.

Th. doct.-ing.--Sc. pétrolières--Rueil-Malmaison--École nationale supérieure du pétrole et des moteurs, 1985. / Notes bibliogr.

Thèse--Doct.-ing.--Nancy 1, 1971. / Bibliogr.

Th. doct.-ing.--Nancy, I.N.P.L., 1983.

Th. 3e cycle--Génie chim.--Toulouse--I.N.P., 1981. N°: 115.

Th. doct.-ing.--Toulouse, I.N.P., 1978. N°: 26.

Thesis (Masters Diploma (Mechanical engineering)--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1993 / The main objective of the work outlined in tills project is to create an awareness of Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Processes, their application to oxygen production systems in the RSA and the construction and testing of a pilot plant, built to assess an overseas design. Available oxygen PSA technology was examined from a theoretical approach, right through to practical applications. The aim was not to re-invent the technology, but to review what technology is available and to assess its suitability for the South African Industrial Sectors. This was undertaken by investigating all PSA processes that are available to market the product to industry. The technology review includes an investigation of overseas PSA technologies and compares these modes of technology with the technology that is readily available to Afrox Limited, a major gas supplier in South Africa. This resulted in the technology from the British Oxygen Company being thoroughly reviewed, examined and compared to various other modes of technology. The basic principals of adsorption are discussed to give the reader an understanding of the factors that influence efficient adsorption and adsorbent regeneration. The parameters that defme when adsorption separation processes are applicable to the separation of atmospheric gases are also discussed. The different types of PSA plant layout are discussed in great detail and it is explained when each plant layout type would be used.

As a clean and non-exhaustible energy source, solar energy is becoming increasingly important in reducing energy prices and influencing the global climate change. Compared to the traditional inorganic solar cells, conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells (OSCs) have shown much promise as an alternative photovoltaic technology for producing solar cells on large scale at low-cost. However, despite the rapid progresses made in the development of new donor materials, fullerene derivatives and hybrid small molecule/polymer blends, the efficiency and stability of OSCs are still limitations on the potential applications. The performance of OSCs is primarily hampered by the limited light absorption, caused by the mismatch between light absorption depth and carrier transport scale, low carrier mobility and unstable electrode/organic interfacial properties. Improved utilization of light in solution-processed OSCs via different light trapping schemes is a promising approach. The feasibility of light trapping using surface plasmonic structures and textured surfaces to confine light more efficiently into OSCs has been demonstrated. However, plasmon excitations are localized only in the vicinity of metal/organic interface, while the absorption enhancement due to the textured surfaces improves light trapping irrespective of the wavelength. A generic approach towards improving light harvesting in the organic active layer thinner than optical absorption length is one of the key strategies to the success of OSCs. The aim of this PhD project is to undertake a comprehensive study to analyze broadband and omnidirectional light absorption enhancement in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OSCs, to understand the dynamics of charge transport, charge recombination, charge collection, and to develop solutions to improve the stability of OSCs. In this work, the broadband light absorption enhancement in solution-processed BHJ OSCs is realized by incorporating 2-D photonic structures in the active layer, formed using a nano-imprinting method. The performance of photonic-structured OSCs and planar control cells, fabricated with the blend of poly[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-bA] dithiophene-2,6-diyl] [3-fluoro-2-[(2ethylhexyl) carbonyl] thieno[3,4-b]-thiophenediyl] (PTB7): [6,6]-phenyl-C70-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PC70BM) is analyzed. By introducing the photonic structures with 500 nm structure period, the performance of structured OSCs is optimized by adjusting the structure height in the active layer. With the comparison of the current densityvoltage (JV) characteristics, the incident photon to charge carrier efficiency (IPCE) spectra and also the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculated electric field distributions, our results reveal that the photonic structures allow improving light absorption in PTB7:PC70BM layer, especially in the long wavelength region. It is shown that the photonic-structured OSCs possess a 6.15 % increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and a 7.53 % increase in short circuit current density (JSC) compared to that of a compositionally identical planar control cell. Light absorption in the 2-D photonic-structured OSCs is a function of the photonic structures and the optical properties of the active layer. The correlation between the choice of the photonic structures and the enhanced spectral response in photonic-structured OSCs is analysed systematically using theoretical simulation and experimental optimization. It is found that the integrated absorption of the active layer decreases slightly with increase in the period of the photonic structures. The results reveal that the photonic-structured OSCs exhibit a stronger absorption enhancement over a broader range of the angle of incident light. The incorporation of the appropriate periodic nano-structures in the active layer is apparently favourable for efficient cell operation as compared to light absorption in the planar control cells made with the same blend system, which decreases rapidly with an increase in the angle of the incident light. Omnidirectional and broadband light absorption enhancement observed in photonic-structured OSCs agrees well with the theoretical simulation. More than 11% increase in the PCE of photonic-structured OSCs is obtained compared to that of an optimized planar control cell, caused mainly by the absorption enhancement in the active layer. 2-D photonic structures allow achieving broadband absorption enhancement in OSCs over a wider range of the angle of the incident light from -45 deg to +45 deg with respect to the normal to the cell surface. For example, the higher light absorption in the active layer of photonic-structured OSCs, integrated over the visible light wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm, changes slightly from 70.1% (normal) to 67.7% (45 deg), remaining 96.6% of the absorption in the cells at the normal incidence. While for the control planar OSC, the integrated absorption follows a faster decrease from 66.2% (normal) to 62.2% (45 deg), revealing a quicker reduction in the absorption of the cells at an angle of the incident light away from the normal incidence. In addition to the absorption enhancement, charge transport, recombination and collection are also prominent factors for the efficient operation of OSCs. Thus, it is crucial to improve the understanding of these important processes and their impacts on the cell performance in order to design optimized device architectures. The charge recombination processes, the distribution of charge density under different operation conditions and charge collection at the organic/electrode interfaces in PTB7:PC70BM-based OSCs are studied systematically using a combination of theoretical calculation, transient photocurrent (TPC) measurements, morphology analyses and device optimization. The charge transport and recombination properties in the BHJ OSCs are investigated using the photo-induced charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (Photo-CELIV) method. Combined with light intensity-dependent J--V characteristic and TPC measurements, it is shown that the use of the ZnO cathode interlayer has a profound effect on enhancing charge collection efficiency and thereby improving in the overall performance of OSCs. The origin of the improvement in the cell performance is mainly associated with improved electrical properties. The TPC results reveal that the presence of the ZnO interlayer helps to prevent the unfavourable interfacial exciton dissociation for achieving efficient charge collection at the active layer/electrode interface. Light intensity-dependent J--V characteristics and the photo-CELIV results support the findings in showing that the charge recombination at the organic/cathode interface can be effectively suppressed by inserting a thin ZnO cathode interlayer, leading to a significant improvement in the charge collection efficiency. A comprehensive study on the degradation mechanisms of solution-processed BHJ. OSCs has been performed. It is manifested that the suppression in bi-molecular recombination and enhancement in charge mobility, achieved through appropriate electrode modification, is one of the effective approaches for achieving stable and performance reproducible OSCs. The effect of the solution-processed anode interlayer, e.g. a mixture of MoO3 and Au nanoparticles (MoO3:Au NPs), on the performance of BHJ OSCs is also examined, with the aim to replace the acidic and hygroscopic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxylenethiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) hole extraction layer (HEL). A 14.3% enhancement in the PCE of OSCs with an anode interlayer of MoO3:Au NPs (7.78%) is obtained compared to that of the structurally identical devices with a pristine MoO3-based interlayer (6.72%), due to the simultaneous improvements in both JSC and fill factor (FF). The accelerated aging tests for as-prepared structurally identical OSCs fabricated with different HELs were carried out in the ambient condition. It is shown that the solution-processed MoO3:Au NPs and pristine MoO3 interlayers are superior to the frequently-used PEDOT:PSS HEL for efficient operation over the long-term. PCE of the MoO3-based OSCs maintains about 40% of their initial value, while a catastrophic failure in the control devices with a PEDOT:PSS HEL is observed after the accelerated aging test under the same condition, with a high relative humidity of 90% at room temperature for 180 min. The degradation behavior of different OSCs performed in the accelerated aging test correlates well with light-intensity JV characteristic and TPC measurements. The outcomes of this work help to the creation of device knowledge and process integration technologies for realization of high performance solution-processed OSCs. It is anticipated that the adoption of the affordable organic photovoltaic technology as one of the clean energy sources will contribute to the preservation of the environment.

D.Phil. (Chemistry) / In order to optimise the parameters for graphite tubes used for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry a good understanding of the factors that influence the efficiency of the atomisation process is necessary. The most important of these factors are the temperature surroundings of the analyte. Consequently, a model was developed to calculate the spatial and temporal variations of the wall temperature of the tube. Reliability of the calculations was ensured by determining some graphite parameters experimentally. Normal laboratory conditions could therefore be simulated precisely. There were some problems associated with the actual measurement of wall temperatures. After these had been investigated and solved, it was possible to correlate and verify the calculated temperat~re values with the experimentally measured ones. While it is likely that the analyte evaporates as such (or in modified forms) from the walls of the tube, the actual atomisation process most probably takes place in the gas phase. It is therefore the gas temperature that controls atomisation. In view of this a gas temperature model was developed by means of which spatial and temporal temperature data within the atomiser could be calculated. Together with the calculations of wall temperatures already mentioned, this presents for the first time the possibility of calculating temperatures, both spatially and temporally, at any point within the atomiser during the heating cycle. With the above information, the nature of atomisation processes can be studied. In this work, attempts were made to study the mechanism by which- the use of a platform placed within the atomiser eliminates interferences. Contrary to the literature, it was found that this can not be attributed to stabilized temperature surroundings.