La presente tesis de Doctorado –El Impeachment de los ex-presidentes Dilma Vana Rousseff y Fernando Collor de Mello como resultantes de infracción a las obligaciones matrices de la responsabilidad del poder político– está inserta en la línea de investigación: Principiología Constitucional y Política del Derecho y es el resultado de las investigaciones desarrolladas en el curso de postgrado stricto sensu a nivel de Doctorado en Ciencias Jurídicas en la Universidad del Valle del Itajaí - UNIVALI, en el área de concentración Constitucionalismo, Transnacionalidad y Producción del Derecho, con apoyo financiero de Capes a través de la Bolsa de Doctorado Sanduíche desarrollada en España y la Universidad de Alicante (España). Por tratarse de trabajo en doble titulación, se resalta que la tesis también corresponde a la línea de investigación Argumentación y Constitucionalismo, del Doctorado en Derecho, de la Universidad de Alicante. Su composición teórica tiene como objetivo general identificar cómo el incumplimiento de las Obligaciones Matrices de la Responsabilidad Política representaron infracciones aptas para dar lugar a la instauración y la condena de los Presidentes Fernando Collor y Dilma Rousseff en sus respectivos Procesos de Impedimento. Para la consecución de este objetivo, la investigación fue subdividida en cuatro objetivos, distribuidos, cada cual, en los cuatro capítulos y en la siguiente forma: El primer objetivo específico es estudiar los Sistemas de Gobierno y Separación de los Poderes para, en este contexto, analizar el desarrollo histórico y conceptuales de los fundamentos del Presidencialismo, abordando sus orígenes monárquicos y parlamentarios, sus elementos determinantes, su configuración institucional predominante en Brasil y en América Latina; el segundo objetivo específico es desarrollar un alcance doctrinal sobre la Responsabilidad Política, como la misma se implementa para determinar las infracciones políticas del Jefe del Poder Ejecutivo en el Sistema de Gobierno Presidencialista y cuál es la lógica institucional que plantea su judicialización. Para ello, se hará una incursión inicial en la idea de Republicanismo como origen del ideal de Responsabilidad Política y serán identificados los mecanismos de escrutin de esta especie de Responsabilidad en los Sistemas de Gobierno Presidencialista y Parlamentarista; el tercer objetivo específico es analizar el Impeachment en Brasil, su histórico, concepto, naturaleza jurídica, causas que pueden dar lugar a su instauración y verificar los límites de actuación del Poder Judicial en los Procesos de Impedimento sufridos por Fernando Collor y Dilma Rousseff. El cuarto objetivo específico es demostrar cómo los Procesos de Impedimento a que fueron sometidos los Presidentes Fernando Collor y Dilma Rousseff resultan de infracciones a las Obligaciones Matrices de la Responsabilidad del Poder Político. En cuanto a la Metodología se observa que el relato de los resultados se realiza en la base lógica inductiva.

The failures of constitutionalism and good governance in Africa are well documented. Importantly, these failures have also highlighted the importance of constitutionalism and good governance in Africa. This study centrally explores the relevance and viability of social trust-based governance and constitutionalism in Malawi, specifically, and Africa, generally. Social trust-based governance and constitutionalism is an approach to governance and constitutionalism that is informed by the trust concept and is also fully mindful of local conditionalities in its operationalisation. By referring to the Constitution of Malawi and other pieces of legislation in Malawi, this study demonstrates that there is a legal basis for articulating and practising social trust-based governance and constitutionalism in Malawi. This legal basis stems primarily from sections 12 and 13 of the Constitution but is also supported by legislation like the Corrupt Practices Act, Public Finance Management Act, Public Procurement Act and the Public Audit Act. In spite of the fact that there is a basis for social trust-based governance and constitutionalism in Malawi it is evident that governance and constitutionalism in Malawi have not, so far, been practised in line with the stipulations of the social trust-based approach. The current approach to governance and constitutionalism in Malawi is heavily steeped in the liberal democratic tradition. In this connection, this study demonstrates the limitations of the liberal democratic approach to governance and constitutionalism in Malawi principal among which is the lack of autochthony. Since the apparatus of liberal democracy has subsequently become quite entrenched in Malawi and most African countries, it is argued that the way forward involves creating a synthesis out of liberal democracy and the norms, traditions and values indigenous to Africa. This study identifies the philosophy of ubuntu as being an important source of values and principles that can be utilised to confer some autochthony to governance and constitutionalism in Malawi, specifically and Africa, generally. The approach adopted in this study concedes that neither a rigid insistence on liberal democratic constitutionalism nor a strict adherence to ubuntu-based governance and constitutionalism can succeed in Malawi. The solution is to utilise values from both traditions in order to generate a viable approach to governance and constitutionalism. In this study, the viability and relevance of social trust-based governance and constitutionalism is demonstrated by reference to the relationship between the branches of government, public resource management and the accountability of public functionaries and citizenry empowerment in Malawi. This study argues that a social trust-based approach to governance and constitutionalism can improve the relations between the branches of government, reinvigorate public resource management and also enhance accountability of public functionaries and empower the populace in line with the Constitution’s vision. The Constitution, as the supreme law of the land, thus remains integral to governance and constitutionalism in Malawi. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Att visa ’accountability’ (att handla på ett visst sätt och därefter redogöra för sitt handlande) har under de senaste decennierna kommit att anses viktigt för ideella organisationer. Att vara ’accountable’ antas nödvändigt för att organisationer ska upplevas som legitima av sina intressenter och därmed viktigt för deras långsiktiga överlevnad. En typ av information som antyds vara av vikt för organisationers intressenter är att de tydligt redovisar sitt syfte och relevanta prestationer. Teorier som potentiellt kan förklara hur ideella organisationer redovisar sådan information har dock forskats om endast i begränsad omfattning. Denna studie ämnade testa om resource dependence -teori och institutionell teori kan ses som giltiga förklaringsmodeller för hur ideella organisationer i årsberättelsen redovisar sitt syfte och relevanta prestationer. Med grund i teorierna formulerades två hypoteser vilka gör antaganden om syftes -och prestationsredovisningens utförlighet. Hypotesen som gjordes med grund i resource dependence -teori antog att syftes -och prestationsredovisningen skulle vara utförligare för ideella organisationer som till en högre andel var bidrags -eller donationsfinansierade. Hypotesen som gjordes med grund i institutionell teori antog att syftes-och prestationsredovisningens utförlighet skulle signifikant skilja sig mellan ideella organisationer som utövade olika typ av verksamhet, i denna studie museiverksamheter och sociala insatser. En innehållsanalys utfördes med ett stickprov av årsberättelser från 59 ideellaorganisationer avseende de två verksamhetstyperna. En checklista användes som utgångspunkt för att binärt poängsätta och därmed kvantifiera syftes -och prestationsredovisningens utförlighet. Därefter prövades hypoteserna genom att statistiskt analysera redovisningens utförlighet i relation till andelen bidragsfinansiering samt typ av verksamhet. Studiens resultat visar stöd för båda hypoteserna. För den hypotes som tog sin utgångspunkt i institutionell teori visas dock ett statistiskt starkare stöd. Resultaten antyder att både resource dependence -teori och institutionell teori är giltiga förklaringsmodeller i fråga om hur ideella organisationer väljer att utforma sin syftes -och prestationsredovisning i årsberättelsen.

The need to improve on the quality and equity in education has been a direct challenge for the Department of Education in the South African post-apartheid era. The Department of Education, in agreement with the Education Labour Relation Council, implemented the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS) as a quality management system, consisting of three programmes, aimed at enhancing and monitoring performance of the education system. The Integrated Quality Management System was the focus of this study and, in particular, the attitudes of educators towards Developmental Appraisal and Classroom Observation. The research was guided by the following three main research questions: What are the attitudes of educators towards Developmental Appraisal as an evaluation policy for accountability purposes? What are the attitudes of educators towards Classroom Observation as a practice for staff development with a developmental purpose? and To what extent do the attitudes of educators influence the implementation of Developmental Appraisal and Classroom Observation? Several factors influencing the implementation of Integrated Quality Management Systems were identified from literature and were selected for the study, namely the objectives, prevalence and frequency, benefits and difficulties of Developmental Appraisal and Classroom Observation. These were conceptualized in terms of three opposing dimensions using the Cube Model of Evaluation: internal and external, pull and push and bottom-up and top-down, all of which have varying degrees of tensions between them. Thus a point of balance on this three-dimensional continuum has to be delicately managed. The findings of this study, which resulted from analysing data collected from forty-four educators by means of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, revealed the following: the overall conclusion regarding the educators' perceptions on the policy objectives of Developmental Appraisal is that the majority of the respondents tended to agree with the policy objective of Developmental Appraisal. However, one should take note of participants who did not agree, which illustrates the tension between policy and implementation and the possible resistance of educators. The findings of this study further revealed that initially educators were 'threatened' by Internal and External Evaluation and Developmental Appraisal, weighing heavily on the Performance Management aspect, which could be seen as manifesting a resistance to change. However, over time and through deeper understanding, there has been a shift in attitude once educators realised the developmental function of Developmental Appraisal in informing teaching and learning which consequently plays a major role in educators' professional development. In addition, this may have a positive effect on the implementation of Developmental Appraisal in future. However, the aspect of pressure, represented in the adapted model, is aimed at accountability of the various stakeholders within the schools to the Department of Education to ensure that quality education is provided. This suggests that there was a shift in the educators' attitudes from one of resistance to top-down directives to compliance and even a willingness to participate in the process of Developmental Appraisal and Classroom Observation. This could be a result of the monetary reward attached to performance. There was also a growing realisation of the potential effect on teaching and learning, which has resulted in the policy being viewed in a more positive light. However, there was concern about the lack of support, resources and facilities from the Department of Education, which resulted in the policy not being properly implemented. Finally, the findings of this study bring another dimension to the issue of the politics of resistance towards Integrated Quality Management Systems, in that rejection of evaluation is not against the system per se; educators as represented by the South African Democratic Teachers' Union (SADTU) want appraisal to be an essential part of their development and not a mechanism for enforcing control or imposing a 'police unit' on educators. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

1 Abstract The diploma thesis "Public Accountability: A Case Study of Operational Programme Employment" sees accountability as social relationship between two actors, in which one is obliged to explain his conduct to the other. The thesis examines accountability regime and relations in Czech public administration on example of the setting and implementation of Operational Programme Employment. The main objective of the thesis is to describe accountability regime in Operational Programme Employment, the existing accountability relations and their characteristics. The perspective of Managing Authority of OP Employment is the starting point for the analysis. 8 relations are presented based on quantitative content analysis of documents, which set up rules of implementation for the OP. More relations are added based on expert interviews. The thesis then concludes that there are differences between content and functions of accountability relations. At the EU level there is an emphasis on outputs and accountability is used mainly for fulfilling goals and targets. At the Czech Republic level the stress is on processes and compliance with rules. The thesis comes to conclusion that Managing Authority must be accountable to many forums, which have different demands and stress diverse contents and functions. Moreover,...

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Sociological Studies Sociology Marcela Linková Doctoral dissertation Disciplining science: The impacts of shifting governmentality regimes on academic research in the natural sciences in the Czech Republic English abstract The dissertation Disciplining science: The impacts of shifting governmentality regimes on academic research in the natural sciences in the Czech Republic is a contribution to the study of institutional changes of the academic environment. I examine changes occurring in the last two decades in academic knowledge-making, and specifically in the natural sciences. Concretely, I focus on research assessment as an increasingly dominant practice of quality control. Previous analyses of the research assessment system in the Czech Republic argue that the system has been designed to suit primarily the practices of the natural sciences (Linkova and Stockelova 2012; Stockelova 2012). In this dissertation I am therefore interested in what forms research assessment takes in the natural sciences and what impacts it is having in terms of knowledge making practices, formation of researchers' subjectivities and, lastly, in terms of the future of research in the natural sciences. With this study I contribute to research into institutional...

For over a century, corporations engaged in the extractive industries in Africa have operated without ethical rules. They have been notoriously fingered for rampant environmental, labour, health and human rights violations, including land despoliation, forced displacement, environmental pollution, cultural infringements and, sometimes, deaths. While the responsibility for regulating companies and protecting human and peoples’ rights primarily rests with states, they have often been unable or unwilling to do so effectively. Amidst these persisting challenges, the phenomenal rise of transnational corporations in the global economy have rendered more complex the gaps in global governance by presenting new challenges that make territorial regulation by single countries impracticable. While victims groan, contestations about the human rights obligations of corporations have allowed extractive and other companies to fly below the radar of accountability; thereby, enabling extractive businesses to ride roughshod over communities and the environment. After several United Nations-led initiatives to address the adverse impacts of corporations, they have proven insufficient to hold companies accountable for violations in the extractive sector. This thesis, therefore, is a dispassionate attempt to explore the role of the African regional human rights system as an important complementary level of normative and institutional governance for regulating abusive corporate conduct and advancing human rights accountability in the extractive industries. It adopts an African approach to corporate human rights accountability in critically evaluating the contours of the corporate accountability discourse. It problematises the near-total reliance on inadequate domestic action in host states for regulating powerful corporate conglomerates in this age of globalisation and highlights the limits of extraterritorial regulation by home states in addressing transborder abuses. After a careful assessment, it finds that African human rights norms and regional mechanisms can play a key part in regulating abusive corporate practices and protecting the human rights and environmental wellbeing of resource-rich communities affected by the extractive industries in Africa. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst - DAAD) / Centre for Human Rights / LLD / Unrestricted

The United States education system has experienced an evolution of school accountability systems that has led to changes and variation in state school grading systems. This study shows that the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015, a recent reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965, provides greater autonomy to individual states in evaluating and reporting school accountability than in preceding years and provides opportunities for states to implement a more holistic or well-rounded approach to school grading. ESSA policy and this study encourages states to choose to evaluate schools more holistically by implementing a wider and more balanced range of indicators that are used to formulate publicly reported school grades. Many issues and historical events, both in the nation and in Utah, are shared to show their influence on the evolution of school accountability. The relevant components of ESSA are explored. An historical overview of school accountability, standardized testing, school grading, and public educational reporting in the state of Utah is included. Scholarly perspectives about school accountability and reporting systems are also presented. This descriptive study incorporates archival research through a review of grades K-8 school grading systems. The school report card systems and indicators are collected and compared from two sequential time periods: first, the time period after NCLB and before ESSA plans were approved is referred, and second, the current time period, based off of data from currently implemented state ESSA plans. Data from all 50 states and Washington D.C. are analyzed and contrasted with Utah's data. Special focus is placed on the indicators that are not dictated by the federal government but those which are chosen by the state that promote a more holistic measure of accountability. The results from this study show that while a more holistic approach to school grading across the states has resulted from ESSA implementation, Utah's ESSA plan and school grading system, along with the other 49 states and Washington D.C., do not currently reflect an adequate holistic measure of school accountability. State Legislators and State School Board Members will find this study to be enlightening as they create more holistic school grading systems.

This study investigated the role of two cardinal external control agencies, the Office of the Auditor-General (OAG) and the Inspectorate of Government (IG) in the enhancement of accountability in Uganda’s local government (LG). In Uganda, local governments’ accountability failures are relentlessly blamed on the weak internal systems of control, despite the existence of external controls. This study departs from the premise that, the institutional predicaments of LGs do not only represent poor internal systems, but also signify deficits in the external control mechanisms. The evaluation of external control agencies was based on four main fronts: their institutional capacity to enhance accountability; how they have promoted the operationalisation of legislation and regulatory framework pertaining to accountability; how they have enhanced LG systems and processes towards accountability; and, how far they have helped to strengthen the potential of civil society in fostering accountability in LGs. A largely qualitative research approach was employed, but with some elements quantitative data. Interviews, documents review and direct observation were used as instruments of data collection. The study established that the IG and the OAG exhibit mixed fortunes of institutional capacity, punctuated by financial and human resources limitations; deficiencies in the enabling legislation; and poor support from various stakeholders. The study revealed a stupendous effort by the IG and the OAG in operationalising legislation, but they perform dismally in enhancing local government systems and processes; and in strengthening civil society capacity towards accountability. There is lack of a harmonised policy and coordinated mechanisms to support supervision, mentoring and inspection of LGs by the external control framework. The thesis argues that, reforming local government requires changes in the approach of individual and organisational culture. The mere crackdown and reprimands meted out on those that abuse public trust do not necessarily improve accountability. Thus, commitment should be put on identifying the organisational-structural deficiencies and possible system reforms, rather than mere inspections and monitoring exercises that encourage mediocrity. Hence, those who inspect, audit and review local governments should be able to recognise the inherent system challenges, but also appreciate the constraints under which the public servants operate, or where they have little or no control. In the end, improved performance and accountability depend on the extent to which people appreciate them as legitimate goals, both within the administration and within the external control agency system. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

In this thesis we look further into Oxfam and Action Against Hunger’s use of the concepts of accountability and participation, how the concepts are informing the programming of humanitarian interventions as well as their materialization in the implementation of the programs in Chad. The study is based on a literature review with secondary sources as the basis of the research material. Scholars debating the concepts provide for the point of departure and the case study is based on the project and program proposals from the organizations themselves. The thesis attempts to demonstrate Oxfam and Action Against Hunger’s degree of fulfilment of the frameworks relating to accountability and participation currently available, in regards of two ongoing interventions in Chad. The result of the research positively demonstrates that the organization uphold their commitments on paper, and to some extent invites the reader to understand the practical action used to adhere to the concepts. It further indicates a lack of insight into what level of accountability and participation which is upheld prior to the identification of activities and the methodology uses in the needs assessment.