Thesis (M.A. (Health Social Science))--Mahidol University, 2006. / LICL has E-Thesis 0012 ; please contact computer services.

Trata-se de um estudo transversal, analítico, com objetivo avaliar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e sua relação com fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos e comportamentais em pessoas que vivem com o HIV/aids (PVHA) acompanhadas ambulatorialmente no município de Ribeirão Preto-SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada em cinco Serviços de Atendimento Especializado (SAE) dos diferentes Distritos Sanitários no município, de outubro de 2014 a setembro de 2016. Foram incluídos pacientes que conheciam sua condição sorológica, idade igual ou superior a 18 anos de ambos os sexos; em uso da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) (mínimo seis meses), acompanhado ambulatorialmente; e excluídos indivíduos em situações de confinamento e histórico de doença cardiovascular. Uma amostra não probabilística, estratificada, foi formada por 340 indivíduos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas individuais, em sala privativa. Utilizou-se instrumento de caracterização sociodemográfica, clínica e comportamental construído para estudo, o Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral en Personas com Infección por VIH y Sida (CEAT-VIH) para avaliação da adesão à TARV e um questionário de frequência alimentar intitulado \"Como está sua alimentação?\". Para avaliação da síndrome metabólica (SM) foram utilizados os critérios do National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) e da International Diabetes Federation (IDF). O projeto foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética sob protocolo nº CAAE. A prevalência de SM em PVHA através do critério IDF foi de 28,5% (n=97) e de 39,3% (n=134) pelo NCEP-ATPIII. Houve boa concordância entre os critérios (AC1=0,74). Os fatores que se associaram a SM foram: sexo, idade, escolaridade, estado civil, situação de trabalho, orientação sexual, tabagismo, não realização de atividades de lazer e hipertensão, diabetes e dislipidemia autodeclaradas. O aumento do índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), do risco cardiovascular, dos lípides e da glicemia também se associou. Além do maior tempo de uso da TARV, maior tempo de diagnóstico do HIV, a carga viral e ao uso da TARV da classe dos inibidores de protease (IP). Foram fatores preditores de SM: sexo feminino; escolaridade menor ou igual a oito anos; IMC com sobrepeso, obesidade grau I e obesidade grau II; baixo HDL-c; triglicerídeos limite, alto e muito alto; tolerância à glicose diminuída e diabetes mellitus; alto risco cardiovascular e maior tempo de TARV. Os fatores de proteção foram orientação homossexual e o maior tempo de diagnóstico do HIV. Conclui-se que as PVHA no município de Ribeirão Preto, acompanhadas ambulatorialmente, apresentam significativa prevalência de SM e diversos fatores associados. Assim, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estratégias para o atendimento a essa população, com foco na promoção de hábitos saudáveis, considerando seus determinantes sociais, clínicos e comportamentais, bem como o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce da SM visando à prevenção de eventos cardiovasculares / This is a cross-sectional analytical study and it aims to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its relation to sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral factors in people living with HIV/AIDS outpatient followed in Ribeirão Preto- São Paulo. Data collection was carried out in five Specialized Care Services (SAE) of different Health Districts in the city, from October 2014 to September 2016. Patients who knew their serological status, aged 18 years or older of both sex; in the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (at least six months), and outpatient followed were included in this study. Individuals in situations of confinement and history of cardiovascular disease were excluded. A non-probabilistic, stratified sample consisted of 340 people. Data were collected through individual interviews, in a private room. The following instruments were utilized in this study: the sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characterization instrument; the Assessment of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Questionnaire in People with HIV Infection and AIDS (CEAT-VIH) to assess adherence to ART; and a questionnaire of food frequency titled as \"How is your food?\". To evaluate the metabolic syndrome (MS), the criteria by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) were used. The project was approved by the ethics committee under protocol No. CAAE. The prevalence of MS in people living with HIV/AIDS through IDF was 28.5% (n = 97) and 39.3% (n = 134) by NCEP-ATPIII. There was good agreement between the criteria (AC1 = 0.74). The factors associated with MS were gender, age, scholarity, marital status, work status, sexual orientation, smoking, non-leisure activities and hypertension, diabetes, and self-reported dyslipidemia. The increase in Body Mass Index (BMI), cardiovascular risk, lipids and glycemia was also associated. In addition to the longer time of HAART use and to diagnose HIV, to the viral load and the use of protease inhibitor (PI) HAART. Predictors of MS were female sex; less than or equal to eight years of scholarity; Overweight BMI, grades I and II obesity; low HDL-c; triglycerides limit, high and very high; decreased glucose tolerance, and diabetes mellitus; high cardiovascular risk and longer time of ART. The protective factors were homosexual orientation and the longer time of HIV diagnosis. It is concluded that the PLHA in the city of Ribeirão Preto, outpatient followed, present a significant prevalence of MS and several associated factors. Thus, it is necessary to develop strategies to care for this population, focusing on the promotion of healthy habits, considering their social, clinical, and behavioral determinants, as well as the diagnosis and early treatment of MS, aiming at the prevention of cardiovascular events

Trata-se de um estudo transversal, analítico, com objetivo avaliar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e sua relação com fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos e comportamentais em pessoas que vivem com o HIV/aids (PVHA) acompanhadas ambulatorialmente no município de Ribeirão Preto-SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada em cinco Serviços de Atendimento Especializado (SAE) dos diferentes Distritos Sanitários no município, de outubro de 2014 a setembro de 2016. Foram incluídos pacientes que conheciam sua condição sorológica, idade igual ou superior a 18 anos de ambos os sexos; em uso da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) (mínimo seis meses), acompanhado ambulatorialmente; e excluídos indivíduos em situações de confinamento e histórico de doença cardiovascular. Uma amostra não probabilística, estratificada, foi formada por 340 indivíduos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas individuais, em sala privativa. Utilizou-se instrumento de caracterização sociodemográfica, clínica e comportamental construído para estudo, o Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral en Personas com Infección por VIH y Sida (CEAT-VIH) para avaliação da adesão à TARV e um questionário de frequência alimentar intitulado \"Como está sua alimentação?\". Para avaliação da síndrome metabólica (SM) foram utilizados os critérios do National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) e da International Diabetes Federation (IDF). O projeto foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética sob protocolo nº CAAE. A prevalência de SM em PVHA através do critério IDF foi de 28,5% (n=97) e de 39,3% (n=134) pelo NCEP-ATPIII. Houve boa concordância entre os critérios (AC1=0,74). Os fatores que se associaram a SM foram: sexo, idade, escolaridade, estado civil, situação de trabalho, orientação sexual, tabagismo, não realização de atividades de lazer e hipertensão, diabetes e dislipidemia autodeclaradas. O aumento do índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), do risco cardiovascular, dos lípides e da glicemia também se associou. Além do maior tempo de uso da TARV, maior tempo de diagnóstico do HIV, a carga viral e ao uso da TARV da classe dos inibidores de protease (IP). Foram fatores preditores de SM: sexo feminino; escolaridade menor ou igual a oito anos; IMC com sobrepeso, obesidade grau I e obesidade grau II; baixo HDL-c; triglicerídeos limite, alto e muito alto; tolerância à glicose diminuída e diabetes mellitus; alto risco cardiovascular e maior tempo de TARV. Os fatores de proteção foram orientação homossexual e o maior tempo de diagnóstico do HIV. Conclui-se que as PVHA no município de Ribeirão Preto, acompanhadas ambulatorialmente, apresentam significativa prevalência de SM e diversos fatores associados. Assim, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estratégias para o atendimento a essa população, com foco na promoção de hábitos saudáveis, considerando seus determinantes sociais, clínicos e comportamentais, bem como o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce da SM visando à prevenção de eventos cardiovasculares / This is a cross-sectional analytical study and it aims to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its relation to sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral factors in people living with HIV/AIDS outpatient followed in Ribeirão Preto- São Paulo. Data collection was carried out in five Specialized Care Services (SAE) of different Health Districts in the city, from October 2014 to September 2016. Patients who knew their serological status, aged 18 years or older of both sex; in the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (at least six months), and outpatient followed were included in this study. Individuals in situations of confinement and history of cardiovascular disease were excluded. A non-probabilistic, stratified sample consisted of 340 people. Data were collected through individual interviews, in a private room. The following instruments were utilized in this study: the sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characterization instrument; the Assessment of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Questionnaire in People with HIV Infection and AIDS (CEAT-VIH) to assess adherence to ART; and a questionnaire of food frequency titled as \"How is your food?\". To evaluate the metabolic syndrome (MS), the criteria by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) were used. The project was approved by the ethics committee under protocol No. CAAE. The prevalence of MS in people living with HIV/AIDS through IDF was 28.5% (n = 97) and 39.3% (n = 134) by NCEP-ATPIII. There was good agreement between the criteria (AC1 = 0.74). The factors associated with MS were gender, age, scholarity, marital status, work status, sexual orientation, smoking, non-leisure activities and hypertension, diabetes, and self-reported dyslipidemia. The increase in Body Mass Index (BMI), cardiovascular risk, lipids and glycemia was also associated. In addition to the longer time of HAART use and to diagnose HIV, to the viral load and the use of protease inhibitor (PI) HAART. Predictors of MS were female sex; less than or equal to eight years of scholarity; Overweight BMI, grades I and II obesity; low HDL-c; triglycerides limit, high and very high; decreased glucose tolerance, and diabetes mellitus; high cardiovascular risk and longer time of ART. The protective factors were homosexual orientation and the longer time of HIV diagnosis. It is concluded that the PLHA in the city of Ribeirão Preto, outpatient followed, present a significant prevalence of MS and several associated factors. Thus, it is necessary to develop strategies to care for this population, focusing on the promotion of healthy habits, considering their social, clinical, and behavioral determinants, as well as the diagnosis and early treatment of MS, aiming at the prevention of cardiovascular events

HIV/AIDS is one of the largest health problems the world is currently facing. Even with anti-retroviral therapies (ART), many resource-constrained countries are unable to meet the treatment needs of their infected populations. ART-distribution methods need to be created that prevent the largest number of future HIV infections. We have developed a compartment model that tracks the spread of HIV in multiple two-sex populations over time in the presence of limited treatment. The model has been fit to represent the HIV epidemic in rural and urban areas in Uganda. With the model we examine the spread of HIV among urban and rural regions and observe the effects of preferential treatment to rural areas on the spread of HIV in the country as a whole. We also investigate the effects of preferentially treating women on the spread of HIV. We find that preferentially treating urban women produces the most dramatic effect in reducing the number of infected male and females in rural and urban areas.

Thesis (M.P.H.M.)--Mahidol University, 2000.

Thesis (M.P.H.M.)--Mahidol University, 2000. / LICL has E-Thesis 0038 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (Dr.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 355-366).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Deakin University, 2002. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Dec. 25, 2005). Includes bibliographical references (p. 286-307).

HIV, syphilis, malaria, and anaemia are major causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite global and national policies advocating for screening of these conditions, only HIV testing has achieved good coverage, precluding early detection and appropriate management in pregnancy. Rapid pointof-care tests (POCTs) provide an opportunity to integrate diagnosis and provide timely treatment of these conditions in rural antenatal care (ANC) settings. After an introductory chapter, a review of the literature on these four conditions in pregnancy is presented with a focus on SSA. The thesis then shifts attention to Kenya, a country that embodies many of the disease challenges and health system characteristics of the region. Kenyan ANC policy recommends testing for HIV, syphilis and anaemia and preventive strategies for malaria. The following chapters are comprised of three linked studies conducted in western Kenya, that use different methods to progressively investigate the implementation success of integrated point-of-care testing (POCT) for HIV, syphilis, malaria and anaemia at seven peripheral dispensaries. Baseline data confirmed that testing requirements for syphilis, malaria and anaemia are not currently met at dispensary level. We implemented an intervention where test kits were supplied and training plus supervision were provided to enable healthcare workers to conduct integrated POCT for pregnant women. Adoption and fidelity were measured quantitatively using exit interviews, antenatal registers and proficiency scores (Study 1: Integrating point-of-care testing (POCT) for HIV, syphilis, malaria and anaemia in antenatal care at dispensary level in western Kenya: an implementation study) while acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility were assessed qualitatively (Study 2: Exploring healthcare workers and pregnant women’s perspectives on appropriateness, acceptability and feasibility of integrating point-of care testing: A qualitative study). Our findings show that the innovation was highly adopted, meaning almost all pregnant women received the essential tests. This was supported by the qualitative findings where healthcare workers and pregnant women found the innovation acceptable and appropriate. However, fidelity to clinical management guidelines can still be improved. Our qualitative findings provide some explanation for these gaps. One common sentiment among interviews with healthcare workers was that workload was perceived to be a barrier to providing quality care. We explored this further with discrete-event simulation modelling (Study 3: Investigating the operational impact of integrating HIV, syphilis, malaria and anaemia point-of-care testing in antenatal care clinics in western Kenya: a discrete event simulation model) and found the healthcare workers were actually under-utilized. This suggests that nurses should, in theory, have sufficient time to deliver essential ANC services. While integrating POCT addresses one gap, additional interventions to support and supervise healthcare workers are needed to ensure appropriate and high quality of care. An integrated approach to health systems strengthening and more investment in implementation and translation research using multi-methods are needed.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 1996.