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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Molecular aspects of antibody mediated T cell activation

Morgan, Sara Hannah January 2009 (has links)
The normal physiological activation of naive T cells requires the engagement of both the T cell receptor (TCR) and the co-stimulatory molecule, CD28. However, a group of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been identified that are able to activate T cells in vitro and in vivo via CD28 engagement alone. Two defining characteristics found in all CD28 superagonist mAbs are their membrane proximal CD28 epitopes and the requirement for mAb immobilisation. To investigate whether agonistic mAbs to similar cell molecules could be identified based on epitope position alone, mAbs to the inhibitory receptor PD-1 were generated and characterised. Using a drastic mutation-based epitope mapping technique, one mAb was identified with a membrane proximal epitope along with two other mAbs with membrane distal epitopes. These mAbs were tested for triggering activity in a hybridoma stimulation assay. mAb stimulation was observed with all three mAbs but only in cells expressing a PD-1 chimera that associated with the TCR and the strength of activation was dependent on epitope location. Cross-linking of a monomeric PD-1/CD28 chimera with a pair of anti-PD-1 mAbs resulted in signalling in this system, however, suggesting a role for ligand aggregation in addition to epitope position in mAb signalling. To further investigate the role of epitope position in CD28 superagonism, a cell line expressing a chimeric form of CD28 was created wherein the superagonistic mAb epitope was moved to a membrane distal position. When stimulated with a CD28 superagonist mAb signalling was no longer observed. However stimulation with another mAb that had an epitope to a membrane proximal location on the chimera resulted in superagonistic effect. These results show that epitope location is the dominant cause of T cell stimulation observed by CD28 superagonist mAbs and that epitope dependent mAb signalling is possible in other T cell surface molecules. The work described in this thesis has implications for both the development of immune modulating mAb therapeutics and for the general mechanism of triggering of cell surface receptors dependent on extrinsic tyrosine kinases.
2

Expression, régulation et caractérisation fonctionnelle des molécules de co-signalisation immunitaire, PD-L2 et CD277 dans l'activation lymphocytaire T / Expression and regulation of PD-L2, B7 family member and functional characterization on T cells

Messal, Nassima 20 January 2011 (has links)
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) et ses ligands PD-L1 et PD-L2 appartiennent à la famille B7 : CD28 des molécules de cosignalisation immunitaire. Leur interaction délivre un signal inhibiteur à l’activation lymphocytaire. Ces molécules sont impliquées non seulement dans le contrôle de la tolérance, mais aussi dans un mécanisme d’échappement tumoral et viral au système immunitaire. Les deux ligands de PD-1 : PD-L1 et PD-L2 montrent une expression tissulaire assez large, témoignant de leur rôle étendu aux différents stades de la réponse immunitaire. L’expression de PD-L1 est plus large que celle de PD-L2. PD-L1 est exprimé sur les cellules hématopoïétiques et non hématopoïétiques, PDL2 présente une expression assez restreinte aux CPAs professionnelles. L’expression de PD-L1 et PD-L2 est fortement régulée dans plusieurs cas pathologiques et notamment dans les cancers. La régulation de l’expression de PD-L2 qui fait l’objet de notre étude, représente une cible importante dans le domaine de l’immunothérapie. Notre projet porte sur l’analyse de l’expression, la régulation et la fonction de PD-L2 dans les LT, dans différents contextes physiologiques et pathologiques. Nous avons pu démontrer que PD-L2 qui avait été décrit chez la souris pour son expression restreinte aux CDs et aux macrophages, était de façon surprenante exprimé avec son homologue PD-L1 sur les LT après costimulation CD3+CD28. Nous l’avons confirmé ex vivo par activation par Staphylococcal enterotoxin E. Ce résultat montre que PD-L2 est bien induit sur des LT dans des conditions d’activation physiologique ou pathologique. Nous avons pu démontrer aussi une régulation négative de l’expression transcriptionnelle et protéique de PD-L1 et de PDL2 sous l’effet de la CyclosporineA (CsA). Cet effet est indépendant de l’action de l’IL-2. Nos données d’analyses bioinformatiques nous ont permis d’identifier les sites putatifs de fixation de facteurs de transcription au niveau du promoteur du gène pd-l2, qui peuvent être régulés par la CsA. L’analyse de la fonction de PDL2 sur les LT nous a permis de démontrer que la stimulation de PDL2 par des anticorps monoclonaux fabriqués dans le laboratoire inhibait l’activation T. Nos résultats démontrent pour la première fois une fonction de PDL2 et une signalisation « reverse siglaling » dans les LT potentiels. La caractérisation fonctionnelle et l’étude des voies de signalisation de PD-L2 que nous avons déjà étudié dans notre projet, représentent une piste importante à explorer. Cela permettrait de proposer de nouvelles stratégies permettant de lutter contre les mécanismes d’échappement tumoral. / PD-1 (programmed death-1) is a new CD28 families member, that deliver inhibitory signals that regulate the balance between T cell activation, tolerance, and immunopathology. (1) (ref octa).PD-1, is inducibly expressed on T cells. The PD-1 ligands PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-L2 (B7-DC) exhibit distinct patterns of expression: PD-L1 is expressed more broadly than is PD-L2. PD-L1 is expressed on resting and up regulated on hematopoietic, nonhematopoietic cells and cancer cell. However, PD-L2 is expressed only on professional antigen-presenting cells. In addition, it has been demonstrated that PD-L1 and PD-L2 are differentially regulated by Th1 and Th2 cytokines.Suggesting that PD-L2 is regulated differently in the former versus the latter, and this proved to be the case, both in transcription and promotion (2) (ref octa) However, little is known about the regulation of PD-L2 expression and nine is known about the expression of PD-L2 on T cells. In the present study, we observed in the first time, by flow cytometer and real time PCR (RT PCR) that PD-L2 expression is induced on ex vivo on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, on in vitro on activated JURKAT T cell line and this expression is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drogue Cyclosporin A (CsA). In the second time we showed that PD-L2 is up regulated in vivo on Non hodchkin lymphoma, other up regulation of PD-L2 expression is observed on Vb8+ T cells after PBMC treatment with the Staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE) super antigen. Finally, we attributed a function to PD-L2 to be a co-inhibitory molecule for CD4+ T cells activation.

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