Accurate, spatially resolved wind measurements in the lower atmosphere are critical to improving current weather forecasting models. Wind shear detection for midsized airports, not covered under the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Terminal Doppler Weather Radars, would significantly reduce personal aircraft accidents. Atmospheric dynamics studies would also benefit from high accuracy, spatially resolved wind profiles within the planetary boundary layer.This dissertation discusses a thorough investigation of a novel alternating frequency incoherent Doppler lidar method named, the Alternating Edge Technique. After discussing the necessary background, a theoretical development of how the Alternating Edge Technique can be used to estimate the molecular to aerosol backscatter ratio is presented. The ability to estimate the molecular component vastly improves the accuracy of wind measurements, and adds additional information about the atmosphere being probed. A detailed modeling program was developed to evaluate the expected performance of this instrument, and to allow comparisons to be made of various components and operating conditions. Several of the key components are then evaluated experimentally, and these results are used to perform realistic Monte Carlo simulations in order to evaluate the ability of the Alternating edge technique, using available components, to estimate the molecular component of the backscattered light, and to accurately estimate average wind speed.