Fungal contaminated buildings and related adverse human health implications have long been a topical issue throughout the world and concern is mounting with regards to the presence of more toxigenic fungi found in buildings and the associated health risks. These risks are compounded when homes are affected by water damage as a result of water intrusion problems, in particular flooding. With the ever changing climate and unpredictable weather conditions the frequency of flash flooding has increased in recent years and is set to increase and subsequently more homes will inevitably be effected by mould contamination. The present study initially aimed to determine the types of fungi commonly detected in buildings in the United Kingdom with varied levels of water intrusion problems via a small survey using various sampling techniques and particularly aimed to determine the conditions by which growth of the toxigenic fungi Stachybotrys chartarum could occur. Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus species were the most commonly detected fungi in buildings with relatively moderate levels of water intrusion problems; Stacybotrys chartarum was only detected in building with more severe water intrusion problems. Cont/d.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MirelyFP_DISSERT_PARCIAL.pdf: 786643 bytes, checksum: 4acab041106a30bcf7d8494f27443eb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The main aim of this study was to compare the procedure for dehydration of Gracilaria birdiae prepared handmade and laboratory, collected in the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte. The sample was collected in the Rio do Fogo beach in march 2009. The sample collected followed by two processing, the first the material prepared in laboratory was air-dried at 50?C for 24 hours in air-flow oven. The second the handmade sample was air-dried on the sun during three days. The extract was prepared in three different solvents: ethanol, hydroethanol and water, resulting in ethanol, hidroethanol and aqueous extracts from handmade and laboratory sample. In according with results only the ethanol extract was fractionated yielding the fractions hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions. The different process to obtain Gracilaria birdiae resulted in the samples with different shades. The soluble solids content was higher in the laboratory sample. The chemical composition the both samples were characterized by presenting a considerable amounts of carbohydrates, with amior percentage protein and ash, respectively, in the handmade and laboratory sample. In two samples showed a low content of lipids and the lipid profile showed a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids, with the absence polyunsaturated handmade sample. The phytochemical screening by chemical reactions showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins the laboratory sample, presenting a greater diversity of bioactive compounds. Through of the analysis by thin layer chromatography was possible to identify the phytosterols ?-sitosterol and stigmasterol the both samples, also suggest the presence of ?-carotene and chlorophyll ? the laboratory sample. The levels of total phenolics and flavonoids were more significant in the ethanol extract of the laboratory sample. The in vitro lethality showed that extracts of the laboratory sample and handmade from 125 to 500 ?g/ mL, respectively, were highly lethal. In the evaluation of antioxidant capacity by the system ?-carotene/?cido linoleic method and by DPPH radical scavernging assay, the ethanol extract from the laboratory process showed significantly greater activity than the other extracts, being and the first and second methods, respectively, lower and equivalent to the synthetic antioxidant BHT. The handmade ethanol extract has not demonstrated skill in deactivating free radicals, but showed activity in inhibiting lipid peroxidation, although the values were significantly lower than the laboratory sample. We conclude that the dehydration process in the laboratory is the most efficient technique to maintenance of the chemical composition present in the seaweed, providing beneficial properties such as antioxidant capacity. We emphasize that this property can be explored with the objective of adding commercial value to the final product, which will promote the expansion of production of this seaweed in the community of Rio do Fogo / O presente estudo tem como finalidade analisar de forma comparativa o procedimento de desidrata??o de Gracilaria birdiae beneficiada laboratorialmente e artesanalmente, cultivada no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Norte. A coleta das amostras foi realizada na praia do Rio do Fogo em mar?o de 2009. Das amostras coletadas seguiram-se dois processamentos, no primeiro o material coletado foi mantido em estufa de ar circulante a 50?C, por 24 horas sendo obtida a amostra laboratorial. No segundo a amostra artesanal foi desidrata??o ao sol por um per?odo de tr?s dias. A extra??o consistiu em solu??es etan?lica, hidroetan?lica e aquosa, resultando em extrato etan?lico, hidroetan?lico e aquoso. De acordo com os resultados o extrato etan?lico foi fracionamento obtendo as fra??es hexano, diclorometano e acetato de etila. As distintas formas de processamento da Gracilaria birdiae promoveram a obten??o de amostras com tonalidades distintas. Quanto ao teor de s?lidos sol?veis a amostra laboratorial apresentou superioridade. A composi??o centesimal de ambas as amostras caracterizaram-se por apresentar um consider?vel teor de carboidratos, com maior percentual de res?duo mineral e prote?nas, respectivamente, na amostra laboratorial e artesanal. As duas amostras apresentaram um baixo conte?do de lip?deos e um perfil lip?dico caracterizado por uma maior propor??o de ?cidos graxos monoinsaturados, com aus?ncia de poliinsaturados na amostra artesanal. A triagem fitoqu?mica evidenciou a presen?a de flavon?ides, taninos, saponinas e alcal?ides na amostra laboratorial, apresentando uma maior diversidade de compostos bioativos. Por meio da cromatografia em camada delgada foi poss?vel identificar os fitoester?is ?-sitosterol e stigmasterol em ambas as amostras, al?m de sugerir a presen?a do ?-caroteno e da clorofila ? na amostra laboratorial. Os teores de compostos fen?licos totais e caroten?ides totais foram mais expressivos no extrato etan?lico da amostra laboratorial. A letalidade in vitro, demonstrou que os extratos etan?licos da amostra laboratorial e artesanal a partir de 500 e 125 ?g/mL, respectivamente, foram altamente letais. Na avalia??o da capacidade antioxidante pelo sistema ?- caroteno/?cido linol?ico e pelo m?todo de sequestro do radical livre DPPH , o extrato etan?lico proveniente do processo laboratorial apresentou atividade significativamente maior que os demais extratos, sendo no primeiro e segundo m?todo, respectivamente, inferior e equivalente ao antioxidante sint?tico BHT. O extrato etan?lico proveniente do processo artesanal n?o demonstrou habilidade na desativa??o de radicais livres, mas apresentou atividade na inibi??o da peroxida??o lip?dica, por?m com valores significativamente inferiores a amostra laboratorial. Conclui-se que o processo de desidrata??o em laborat?rio ? a t?cnica mais eficiente, por supostamente promover a manuten??o dos compostos qu?micos presentes na alga marinha, proporcionando propriedades ben?ficas como a capacidade antioxidante. Ressalta-se que esta propriedade pode ser explorada com o intuito de agregar valor comercial ao produto final, o que promover? a expans?o da produ??o desta alga na comunidade do Rio do Fogo / 2020-01-01

In the last years, the interest by the bioactive peptides Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira) is increasing, because of its Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) status, and their potential health benefits. These peptides can be used in different functional foods, for medical purposes, cosmetic and nutraceuticals, due to biological properties such as antihypertensive, antioxidative, anti-hyaluronidase and others. In the present investigation, Spirulina maxima were produced through of three hydrolyses process. After, the peptides fractions were purified through tangential filtration (membrane of 2 μM and 10kDa), and the fragments obtained below 10 kDa were partially characterized and determinate their antioxidant (radical scavenging, iron-chelating), antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti- collagenase. The peptide fraction obtained from the first hydrolyzed (PHA) presented antioxidant activity by capturing the DPPH radicals with a value of IC50 21.25 μg/ml and ABTS with IC50 9.5 μg/ml and TEAC 465.7 Trolox μM/μg sample, iron-chelating showed inhibition of 97.3% and IC50 6.99 μg/ml. Meanwhile, the peptide fraction obtained from the second hydrolyzed (PHP) presented antimicrobial activity with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 0.34 mg/ml and 0.63 mg/ml (Bacillus subtilis), IC50 and MBC 0.62 mg/ml and 0.63 mg/ml (Staphylococcus aureus), IC50 and MBC 0.99 mg/ml and 1.25 mg/ml (Salmonella typhi), IC50 and MBC 0.94 mg/ml 1.25 mg/ml (Escherichia coli). The peptide fraction obtained from the two enzymes (PHS) showed antioxidant activity by capturing the DPPH radicals with a value of IC50 17.93 μg/ml and ABTS with IC50 8.6 μg/ml and TEAC 540.7 Trolox μM/μg sample, anti-inflammatory with inhibition of 39% and IC50 0.92 mg/ml, and anti-collagenase with inhibition 92.5% and IC50 32.49 μg/ml. The results indicated that protein isolate from Spirulina maxima can be a source for obtaining of peptides fractions (PHA, PHP and PHS) with activity antioxidants, iron-chelating, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatories and anti-collagenase. / Nos últimos anos o interesse pelos peptídeos bioativos de Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira) tem aumentado enormemente devido a seu estado Geralmente reconhecido como seguro (GRAS) e seus potenciais benefícios para a saúde. Essa microalga pode ser utilizada em diferentes alimentos funcionais, para fins médicos, cosméticos e nutracêuticos devido às suas propriedades biológicas como anti-hipertensivas, antioxidantes, anti-hialuronidase e outras. No presente trabalho de investigação, as fracções de peptídeos de Spirulina maxima foram produzidas através de três processos diferentes de hidrólises, utilizando duas proteases diferentes. Em seguida os extratos foram submetidos a um processo de purificação pelo método de filtração tangencial (membranas de 2 μM e 10 kDa), e os fragmentos obtidos no permeado de 10 kDa foram parcialmente caracterizados e avaliadas suas capacidades antioxidantes (sequestro de radicais, atividade quelante de ferro, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória e anticolagenase. Fração de peptídeos obtido do primeiro hidrolisado (PHA) apresentou atividade antioxidante capturando aos radicais DPPH com um valor de IC50 21,25 μg/ml e ABTS com IC50 9,5 μg/ml e TEAC 465,7 Trolox μM/μg de amostra, e atividade quelante mostrou uma inibição de 97,3% e um IC50 6,99 μg/ml. Fração de peptídeos obtido do segundo hidrolisado (PHP) apresentou atividade antimicrobiana com concentração inibitória media (IC50) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) de 0,34 e 0,63 mg/ml (Bacillus subtilis), IC50 e CBM 0,62 e 0,63 mg/ml (Staphylococcus aureus), IC50 e CBM 0,99 e 1,25 mg/ml (Salmonella typhi), IC50 e CBM 0,94 e 1,25 mg/ml (Escherichia coli). Fração de peptídeos obtido das duas enzimas (PHS) apresentou atividade antioxidante capturando aos radicais DPPH com um valor de IC50 17,93 μg/ml e ABTS com IC50 8,6 μg/ml e TEAC 540,7 Trolox μM/μg de amostra, anti-inflamatória com inibição da enzima hialuronidase 39% e IC50 0,92 mg/ml, e anticolagenase com uma inibição 92,5% e IC50 32.49 μg/ml. Os resultados permitem concluir que isolado proteico de Spirulina pode ser uma fonte para obtenção de extratos peptídicos (PHA, PHP e PHS) com atividade antioxidante, quelante, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, anticolagenase.