The ability to precisely locate appropriate acupoints is, according to both traditional and contemporary theories, essential to deliver acupuncture treatments. More than half of the acupoints defined in acupuncture literature are sufficiently distant to anatomical landmarks, to require the use of specialised techniques in order to locate them. However no research has been conducted to investigate the precision of any manual method (electrical detection is discussed at detail with reference to numerous conflicting research papers). This thesis details the design, conduct and results of experimentation carried out to measure the precision of four methods (named the directional, proportional, elastic and ruler methods) used to locate acupoints. The methods include two based upon the traditional Chinese anatomical unit of measurement, the cun, and two based upon the traditionally reported lengths of areas of the human body. The reasons for selecting these methods, and for excluding others, are explained. Seventy two subjects were involved in testing the precision of the four methods by applying them when locating a fictitious acupoint. The subjects marked the attempts to locate the fictitious acupoint with invisible ink. The marks were transferred to plastic films and measurements made from reference points. A significant difference was found between the methods (F3,120 = 11.74, p less than 0.0001). No significant difference was found between the two traditional methods of point location (directional mean = 11.35, and proportional mean = 11.17) (p less than 0.998), nor between the two variant methods of point location (elastic mean = 7.63, and ruler mean = 6.34) (p less than 0.68). Significant differences were found between the two traditional methods and the two variant methods. The directional method was less precise than both the elastic method (F3,120 = 11.74, p less than 0.007) and the ruler method (p less than 0.00009). The proportional method was also less precise than both the elastic method (F3,120 = 11.74, p less than 0.011) and the ruler method (p less than 0.0002). Each subject also completed a short questionnaire regarding ease and comfort of use of the four methods. The two more precise methods were generally not well received by subjects in this study. Their two primary concerns were not with precision, but rather of application of the method, and its perceived appearance to patients. An analysis was also carried out to describe any variation in acupoint location descriptions reported by prominent authors. 151 clinical research papers reporting acupuncture studies were selected according to a number of criteria. The five most frequently prescribed acupoints in these papers comprised the sample used in the examination of seven acupuncture texts. Variability was found between the texts, and is discussed in consideration of the presently poor understanding of the anatomical make-up of an acupoint. Also examined was the usefulness of measures of sensitivity to palpation used when locating acupoints. No statistically significant difference was found between any of the acupoints tested and the related control points. The thesis discusses the implications for acupuncture practice, research and education in light of the lack of precision measured, the subjects' preference for the more imprecise methods, the inability to locate or even verify the location of an acupoint using pressure, variability in reported acupoint locations between reference texts, and the related short-comings in published acupuncture research.

The ability to precisely locate appropriate acupoints is, according to both traditional and contemporary theories, essential to deliver acupuncture treatments. More than half of the acupoints defined in acupuncture literature are sufficiently distant to anatomical landmarks, to require the use of specialised techniques in order to locate them. However no research has been conducted to investigate the precision of any manual method (electrical detection is discussed at detail with reference to numerous conflicting research papers). This thesis details the design, conduct and results of experimentation carried out to measure the precision of four methods (named the directional, proportional, elastic and ruler methods) used to locate acupoints. The methods include two based upon the traditional Chinese anatomical unit of measurement, the cun, and two based upon the traditionally reported lengths of areas of the human body. The reasons for selecting these methods, and for excluding others, are explained. Seventy two subjects were involved in testing the precision of the four methods by applying them when locating a fictitious acupoint. The subjects marked the attempts to locate the fictitious acupoint with invisible ink. The marks were transferred to plastic films and measurements made from reference points. A significant difference was found between the methods (F3,120 = 11.74, p less than 0.0001). No significant difference was found between the two traditional methods of point location (directional mean = 11.35, and proportional mean = 11.17) (p less than 0.998), nor between the two variant methods of point location (elastic mean = 7.63, and ruler mean = 6.34) (p less than 0.68). Significant differences were found between the two traditional methods and the two variant methods. The directional method was less precise than both the elastic method (F3,120 = 11.74, p less than 0.007) and the ruler method (p less than 0.00009). The proportional method was also less precise than both the elastic method (F3,120 = 11.74, p less than 0.011) and the ruler method (p less than 0.0002). Each subject also completed a short questionnaire regarding ease and comfort of use of the four methods. The two more precise methods were generally not well received by subjects in this study. Their two primary concerns were not with precision, but rather of application of the method, and its perceived appearance to patients. An analysis was also carried out to describe any variation in acupoint location descriptions reported by prominent authors. 151 clinical research papers reporting acupuncture studies were selected according to a number of criteria. The five most frequently prescribed acupoints in these papers comprised the sample used in the examination of seven acupuncture texts. Variability was found between the texts, and is discussed in consideration of the presently poor understanding of the anatomical make-up of an acupoint. Also examined was the usefulness of measures of sensitivity to palpation used when locating acupoints. No statistically significant difference was found between any of the acupoints tested and the related control points. The thesis discusses the implications for acupuncture practice, research and education in light of the lack of precision measured, the subjects' preference for the more imprecise methods, the inability to locate or even verify the location of an acupoint using pressure, variability in reported acupoint locations between reference texts, and the related short-comings in published acupuncture research.

Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 19-21). Also available in print.

研究背景：激痛点与肌筋膜疼痛综合征等多种疾病的发生和转归有密切联系。激痛点针灸疗法在Ii面床治疗中应用广泛，但其相关作用机理还不十分清楚。因此，激痛点针灸疗法作用机理的研究有十分重要的理论意义和临床价值。 研究目的：初步总结激痛点针灸疗法的作用机制，为丰富激痛点针灸疗法及提高临床疗效提供思路。 研究方法：本文以“激痛点、“扳机点、“触发点 “激痛点针灸和“机制、为主题词’检索中国期刊全文资料库（ CNKI ）；以“Trigger point、“DryNeedling和“Mechanism为关键字检索英文文献数据库PubMed 。结合激痛点相失生理病理研究结论，对近年来激痛点针灸疗法机制的相关研究进行整理。 结论：破坏激痛点局部的独特生理病理结构’即功能障碍终板的完整性，抑制伤害戚受器的传人可能是激痛点针灸疗法的主要局部镇痛机制。其失’针刺本身参与的局部镇痛及通过脊髓相失节段调整远部牵涉痛、内脏痛；激发全身镇痛、抗炎、生物力学调整等，都是激痛点针灸疗法的镇痛的可能机制。

Thesis (M. CM)--Hong Kong Baptist University, 2006. / Dissertation submitted to the School of Chinese Medicine. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-28).

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目的：主要通過對激痛點相關文獻的收集與分析，初步探究激痛點治療慢性頭痛的針刺取穴方案，同時與傳統針灸的取穴和治療方案進行對比，以總結出兩者的區別和聯繫，為進一步提高治療頭痛的臨床水準提供依據，並為治療慢性頭痛拓寬臨床思路。方法：本文通過對國內外期刊文獻資料庫（ Pubmed 、CNKI 等）進行檢索，搜集激痛點及傳統針灸治療頭痛的有關內容，從頭頂痛、頭後部疼痛、最頁部頭痛及額部頭痛四個部位進行歸納總結。激痛點將從不同肌肉引起相關部位頭痛著手，而傳統針灸將從陽明經頭痛、太陽經頭痛、厥陰經頭痛及少陽經頭痛的取穴方案進行分類。結果： 1 、激痛點治療頭頂痛主要針刺胸鎖乳突肌胸骨部、頭夾肌、枕額肌的激痛點。傳統針灸療法治療頭頂痛局部選穴為百會、後頂、前頂﹔遠端選穴為合穀、中院、足三裡、公孫、太沖、內關。在治療頭頂痛時，巔頂為厥陰經走行之處，但與激痛點相近的穴位中無歸厥陰經的穴位。但頭夾肌的激痛點（與風池相近）為常見治療各部位頭痛的選穴之一。2 、激痛點治療頭後部疼痛主要針刺斜方肌TrPl 、胸鎖乳突肌胸骨部、胸鎖乳突肌鎖骨部、頭半棘肌、頸半棘肌、頸夾肌、枕部下肌肉群、枕肌、二腹肌及舌骨上肌群、顳肌TrP4 的激痛點。傳統針灸療法治療頭後部疼痛局部選穴為天柱、風池、風門、風府、大椎、百會﹔遠端取穴為申脈、後溪、昆侖。激痛點療法與傳統針灸在天柱、風池穴有位置的相近或重合。3 、激痛點治療顳部頭痛主要針刺斜方肌TrPl 、胸鎖乳突肌胸骨部、顳肌（ TrP1、2 、3 ）、頸夾肌、枕部下肌肉群、頭半棘肌的激痛點。傳統針灸療法治療顛部疼痛局部選穴為太陽、絲竹空、角孫、率谷﹔遠端選穴為風池、合穀、足臨泣、外關。在治療顳部頭痛中，量頁肌的激痛點與太陽穴相近。4 、激痛點治療額部頭痛主要針刺胸鎖乳突肌鎖骨部、胸鎖乳突肌胸骨部、頭半棘肌、額肌、顴大肌的激痛點。傳統針灸療法治療額部頭痛局部選穴為印堂、上星、陽白、頭維﹔遠端選穴為內庭、解溪、合谷、曲池、足三裡。兩者在陽白穴有位置的相近或重合，其中額大肌的激痛點與地倉相近，同屬陽明經。結論：激痛點和傳統針灸療法治療慢性頭痛既有相似之處，又存在差異。1 、兩者在理論基礎、治療方式、針刺後效應及治療病種方面皆存在不同。2 、同時，兩者在位置及取穴手段上又有一定的相似和重合。其中激痛點的選穴，與傳統針灸的局部選穴比較類似。但激痛點取穴不限於疼痛局部，還會在疼痛稍遠但與疼痛部位有直接或稍間接的聯繫處選穴針刺。而傳統針刺，常會配合四肢遠端取穴。關鍵字：激痛點取穴﹔頭痛﹔文獻綜述

分娩痛是一種生理性的疼痛，分娩過程中劇烈疼痛痛苦難以忍受，同時使產婦焦慮、緊張和恐懼，致使產婦血中兒茶酚胺、腎上腺皮質激素增高，導致血壓升高，心臟負荷加重﹔產婦由於疼痛呼喊、過度換氣、耗氧量增加，可導致呼吸性堿中毒，從而影響胎盤血供，導致母兒出現低氧血症。隨著產程進展、疼痛加劇，產婦血壓升高、呼吸頻率增快，過度耗氧，引起胎兒宮內窘迫，種種危險和痛苦導致剖宮產率逐年上升，加之藥物麻醉對產婦和胎兒都可以產生一定的不良反應。因此，合理地運用適當的疼痛緩解措施，可以使疼痛應激反應減輕甚至消失，提 高圍產期品質，分娩鎮痛日益受到重視。 研究目的 研究希望通過對現有關於通過穴位進行分娩鎮痛的臨床研究類文獻搜集、整理、分析，從而對通過穴位分娩鎮痛的常用方法、常用穴位、有效率等等方面做一個較為全面的展示，並對當前通過穴位分娩鎮痛的臨床研究的現狀和可能存在的問題進行探討。 方法 以中國期刊全文資料庫進行標準檢索，檢索選項為“主題”，檢索詞為“針刺”or“穴位”並包含“分娩鎮痛”or“分娩痛”，時間年限設定為2004年－2014 年。按納入排除標準進一步篩選文獻。 小結 就通過穴位分婉鎮痛的常用方法、常用穴位、有效率、產程變化、產後出血量等等方面進行文獻研究總結後，發現近年來通過穴位分娩鎮痛的臨床實驗文獻逐漸增多，初步證明穴位分娩鎮痛安全有效，但目前可搜到的臨床文獻存在臨床研究方式較為單一、選穴單一、結論標準不統一、隨機對照試驗設計不嚴謹等等問題，提示我們進行進一步研究。 關鍵字：分娩鎮痛﹔針刺鎮痛﹔ 穴位鎮痛﹔ 分娩痛﹔

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