The tropics are host to incredible insect diversity. One of the most charismatic groups that exhibit this diversity are the butterflies. Despite the tropical butterfly fauna being heavily researched, there remains much hidden diversity in the form of undescribed life histories and cryptic species. This is especially true among the species rich Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies. Species in the genus Adelpha are known to be “the most trying taxonomically of all nymphalids” DeVries (1987), and as such are fruitful ground for uncovering unknown diversity. About half of the species within Adelpha have undescribed life histories, while A. serpa stands out within the genus in having remarkably wide host breadth, and thus potentially harbors cryptic diversity. Here we describe the life histories of two species of Adelpha from Costa Rica, and use an integrative approach to clarify species level boundaries within the Adelpha serpa-group. We conclude that A. serpa does not show significant evidence of harboring cryptic species, and appears to be a geographically widespread species and a hostplant generalist. Three additional species within the serpa-group show strong evidence of harboring cryptic species, and further research should be done to clarify these species relationships.

Conspicuous coloration is one of the main ways that animals communicate. The use of eye-catching color patterns to warn predators of an unprofitable trait is referred to as aposematism. Once predators learn to recognize the color pattern, a new signaling niche becomes available where other species can share the same signal. This mimicry niche can involve a “hide in plain sight” strategy by mimicking or parasitizing this signal, with mimics lacking the defense and associated costs that make them unprofitable. This is termed Batesian mimicry, and it decreases predation by taking advantage of the memory and learning of the predator community. Thus, a primary prediction in Batesian mimicry systems is that the model and mimic are found in sympatry. Another, fundamental prediction of Batesian mimicry is that the model outnumbers the mimic and that models emerge before the mimics to educate the predator guild. Some of these patterns were not significant in the California Coast Ranges as seen in Long et al., (2015), and no study has estimated population sizes for this temperate Batesian mimicry system. Furthermore, compared with community studies of mutualistic Müllerian mimicry in the tropics, no studies have tested predictions of parasitic Batesian mimicry on small scale patterns of habitat use and movement patterns. If mimicry is as an important part of the biology of these temperate species, as it is for their tropical counterparts, we predict that in addition to emerging first and being more abundant, the model and mimic will overlap strongly in habitat but the model will be more abundant in each habitat, and will move more and be more widespread among available habitats. Our results confirm these predictions and indicate that A. californica is effectively educating habitat specialist and generalist predators providing an umbrella of protection for the mimic L. lorquini.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:42:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosely Bianconcini Mulin.pdf: 1809916 bytes, checksum: f9cd6100f0c9a4420bda7d4bd8200268 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This work aims to demonstrate the important contribution of Adelpha Figueiredo in the development of Librarianship in São Paulo. It approaches relevant facts of the historical moment faced in the decade of the 1920 s and analyses education´s characteristics during that time. This research aims to highlight the importance of historical facts that exerted influence on the encouragement of the Paulista´s Librarianship, becoming a model for the country. It approaches the evolution of editorial system and discourses about the relevance it had exercised on libraries and encouraging new readers. Detailing the situation of libraries in the decade of the 1920 s and it highlights the importance that Mackenzie´s library had on disclosure, consolidation and teaching modern North American techniques of Librarianship in Brazil. It shall also explain the origins of the educator and librarian Adelpha Figueiredo, her education, actuation at Mackenzie, the pioneer obtainment of a scholarship granted by the United States for the course of Librarianship and, finally, it shall explain her trajectory as a master and all her efforts for the recognition of a librarianship as a professional. This study describes the importance that the São Paulo´s Department of Culture has exercised to encourage the Librarianship and the actuation of Adelpha Figueiredo at the São Paulo´s Public Library, where she founded with Rubens Borba de Moraes, the first School of Librarianship in São Paulo. / O presente trabalho objetiva demonstrar a importante contribuição de Adelpha Figueiredo para o florescimento da Biblioteconomia em São Paulo. Aborda fatos relevantes do momento histórico vivido na década de 1920 e analisa as características da educação na época. A pesquisa objetiva destacar a importância que os fatos históricos exerceram para o impulso da Biblioteconomia paulista, tornando-a um modelo para o país. Aborda a evolução do sistema editorial e discorre sobre a importância que exerceu para as bibliotecas e para a formação de leitores. Apresenta a situação das bibliotecas da década de 1920 e destaca a importância que a Biblioteca do Mackenzie exerceu na divulgação, consolidação e no ensino das modernas técnicas norte-americanas de Biblioteconomia no país. Explanará sobre as origens da educadora e bibliotecária Adelpha Figueiredo, sua formação, atuação no Mackenzie, obtenção inédita da bolsa de estudos concedida pelos EUA para o curso de Biblioteconomia e, posteriormente, explanará sobre sua trajetória como mestra e lutadora para o reconhecimento da profissão. O estudo discorre sobre a importância que o Departamento de Cultura do Município de São Paulo exerceu no impulso da Biblioteconomia e sobre a atuação de Adelpha Figueiredo na Biblioteca Pública de São Paulo, onde fundou com Rubens Borba de Moraes, a primeira Escola de Biblioteconomia de São Paulo.