[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal apresentar uma análise sobre as funcionalidades existentes nos aplicativos de planejamento avançado, os chamados Advanced Planning Systems (APS) e os ganhos obtidos pelas empresas com a implementação desses aplicativos. Para realizar tal análise foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica visando estudar e apresentar os conceitos dos aplicativos para o gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos e dos aplicativos de planejamento avançado, bem como apresentar o mercado atual para esses aplicativos. O sistema APO (Advanced Planner and Optimizer), da empresa alemã SAP, foi o escolhido para a exemplificação de aplicativos de planejamento avançado. Por meio da realização de entrevistas em duas empresas que utilizam o APO e com o auxílio de um questionário semi-estruturado foi possível uma análise de como essas empresas estão utilizando esse sistema. Foi possível observar o que levou as empresas a implementarem um aplicativo de planejamento avançado, as mudanças ocorridas nos diversos processos e os ganhos obtidos com a implementação. / [en] The purpose of this document is presenting the existing functionalities of the advanced planning software, the so called Advanced Planning Systems (APS) and the benefits obtained by the companies with the implementation of these systems. In order to accomplish such analysis, a bibliographic research was made to study and present the concepts of the supply chain management applications and advanced planning systems, as well as present the current market for these applications. The APO (Advanced Planner and Optimizer) system of the German company SAP was chosen for the exemplification of the advanced planning systems. Based on interviews performed at two companies, which made use of the APO and with the aid of a semi-structured form it was possible to understand how these companies are utilizing this system. It was also possible to observe what led the companies to implement an advanced planning system, the changes that occurred in the various processes and the benefits obtained with the implementation.

[pt] Esta dissertação se propõe a fazer uma análise dos níveis de inventário de uma empresa distribuidora de combustíveis brasileira. Trata da busca contínua pelo estado-da-arte em termos de modelagem logística e como lidar com os diversos trade-offs existentes na cadeia de suprimentos. O objetivo principal é apresentar como este modelo foi criado utilizando um Sistema de Planejamento Avançado, como isso ajudou no dimensionamento dos estoques de segurança e, finalmente, que ações foram necessárias para garantir um processo de melhoria contínua que agregasse valor à companhia pudesse ser desenvolvido. Trata ainda sobre o ganho de importância dos softwares de gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos e como o uso destas tecnologias pode ser útil no tratamento de problemas relacionados a análise de inventário utilizando uma abordagem de pesquisa-ação. Este trabalho trouxe percepções valiosas para o negócio, como a realocação dos estoques de segurança a partir dos tempos de transporte e perfil da demanda, a economia potencial que uma previsão de vendas mais assertiva pode trazer para a companhia e ainda como os investimentos em infraestrutura podem ser direcionados pela compreensão da dinâmica do inventário. A nova solução proposta implicou em uma redução de 17,8 porcento nos níveis de inventário. / [en] This dissertation addresses the initiatives in the inventory analysis of a fuel distribution company in Brazil. It tells about the continuous search for the stateof-art in terms of logistics modeling and how to deal with several of trade-offs existing in the supply chain. The main objective is to present how this model was created using an Advanced Planning System, how it helped to dimension the safety stocks and finally, what actions need to be taken in order to ensure that a ripening process that adds value to the company can be developed. It still addresses the growing importance of Supply Chain Management software and how the use of these technologies can be useful to tackle inventory analysis problems using an action research approach. This work provided powerful insights like the reallocation of safety stocks according to the transportation times and demand profiles, the potential economy that a more accurate demand forecast can bring to the company and even how investments in infrastructure can be driven by the new comprehension of the inventory dynamics. The new solution proposed implies a reduction of 17.8 percent in the inventory levels.

A proposta de um procedimento de programação da produção, estruturado a partir das particularidades do fluxo de produção de um sistema de manufatura celular, descrita neste trabalho, é resultado do processo de investigação da relação do uso de ferramentas computacionais, especialistas em programação da produção, envolvendo práticas de controle de estoque no abastecimento de um sistema de manufatura celular. Deste modo, o conteúdo deste trabalho trata das principais restrições inerentes a relação entre os diferentes parâmetros e variáveis do processo de fabricação deste tipo de sistema, os quais interferem diretamente na eficácia e eficiência de um sistema de programação da produção, além de enfatizar os resultados efetivos que podem ser alcançados com o uso de um software APS, assim como uma lógica de programação, com ênfase na minimização do Lead Time Offsetting. Neste contexto, além do resultado efetivo que este trabalho demonstra, a partir do uso de um sistema de programação da produção em um ambiente de manufatura celular, há, inerentemente, o destaque à relevância do tema de pesquisa, estudado na literatura, devido ao crescente aumento da complexidade dos sistemas produtivos e, consequentemente, da dificuldade de análises mais precisas do impacto que as variáveis de fluxo, como por exemplo, tempos de abastecimento e movimentação, tempos de setup e os respectivos roteiros de fabricação, podem causar no desempenho dos processos no chão de fábrica. Quanto ao método de pesquisa o estudo aborda o tema, quanto à aplicação de um modelo de programação da produção estruturado, com base no escopo da proposta, através de um estudo de caso de uma empresa fornecedora de componentes do setor de automotivo, envolvendo pesquisa de campo com acesso a documentos do processo de fabricação e da estrutura de materiais do mix de produtos relacionados, além do contato direto com os atores do processo de fabricação a partir de reuniões periódicas durante o processo de concepção do procedimento. A partir da construção do modelo de programação, cenários são gerados de modo a comparar a performance dos mesmos em um ambiente produtivo real, sendo realizadas alterações de variáveis no fluxo produtivo, a fim de obter resultados interessantes e satisfatórios, utilizando-se de parâmetros como tamanho de lote e makespan como indicadores de performance. / The proposal of a production programming procedure, built from the particularities of a cellular manufacturing system\'s production flow, described in this work, is the result of a investigation process about the relation of using computational tools, specialized in production programming, involving practices of inventory control in a supply system of a manufacturing cell. Thus, the content of this work deals with the main constraints inherent in the relationship between different parameters and variables of the manufacturing process, regarding this type of production system, that directly interferes in the efficiency of a production scheduling system, emphasizing the effective results that can be achieved through the use of an APS software and programming logic, with emphasis on minimizing Lead Time Offsett. Thereby, in addition to the effective result that this work demonstrates about the use of a production programming system, in a cellular manufacturing environment, we should also emphasize the topic reserchead, and studied, in this work due to the increasing complexity of manufacturing systems and environments as well as the difficulty of more precise analyzes regarding the impact of production flow variables, such as supply and movement times, setup times and the variability offered by manufacturing routes, which can cause underperformance of production processes in a factory. About the research method, this study approaches the subject, regarding the application of a programming model, based on the scope of the initial proposal, through a case study of a company that supplies automotive componentes, in the brazilian automobile sector. This study encompasses field research with access to documents of the manufacturing process as well as the bill of materials of related products, also, direct contact with the actors of the manufacturing process through periodic meetings during the procedure design process. Regarding the results achieved by this work, it is important to highlight the creation of different cenarios and comparisons that were made, regarding the use of different parameters and variables, such as makespan and lot sizing, so that the optimal experience could be achived, through the use of a customized programming model developed, exclusively, for this research.

This diploma thesis is focused on process of production planning and scheduling in company Meopta – optics, Ltd., in connection with the possibility of its optimization. The basis of the thesis is analysis of the current status of planning and production management, evaluation of theoretical approaches dealing with issues of production planning and solution proposal optimizing the existing processes. The diploma thesis was elaborated with the support of Head of operative planning in Meopta - Optics Ltd.

Thesis (PhD (Logistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Conventional supply chain integration concepts focus primarily on the internal and external integration of individual supply chains (can be viewed as intra-supply chain integration). Due to the highly integrated nature of petrochemical value chains, related supply chains should also be integrated by taking account of enterprise/industry-wide synergies and interdependencies (can be viewed as inter-supply chain integration). Inter-supply chain integration can typically develop along three dimensions: - Upstream feed clusters (upstream in the chemical value chain) - Downstream product clusters (downstream in the chemical value chain) - Macro logistics network clusters (within and across related logistics networks for liquid bulk, dry bulk, packaged goods and gases) This dissertation presents a generic framework of applicable intra- and inter-supply chain planning processes that supports related long- (strategic), medium- (tactical) and short-term (operational) supply chain decisions for large-scale petrochemical companies. This type of companies has to manage relative complex supply chains. Highly complex supply chains (due to an extensive product portfolio, supplier base, customer base, manufacturing processes, transportation, and management processes and systems) require far more advanced planning processes than simple supply chains. Advanced supply chain planning processes cover an extended supply chain scope, deal with longer time horizons, and utilize more sophisticated analytical techniques and decision support systems. An extensive literature study, supplemented by empirical research in the South African petrochemical industry, provided the foundation for the advanced supply chain planning framework concluded in this dissertation. Semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire presented to an informed audience constitute the empirical research conducted. The related best practices, concepts, approaches followed, and level of advancement in three supply chain planning dimensions were derived. To guide petrochemical companies along the planning advancement journey, the roadmap developed can be utilized for the application and implementation of the advanced supply chain planning framework. This roadmap articulates the advancement stages, dimensions, characteristics, and triggers to advance. Typical characteristics associated with the advancement stages and dimensions provide the means for a company to assess their level of progression. The essential mechanisms that can enable interventions are also articulated.

長久以來，序列式詞彙處理模式以及互動式詞彙處理模式經常爭論孰為合理的語誤生成模型。這份研究企圖利用心理學實證角度探究此議題。原屬於心理學範疇的史楚普技術(1935)或可提供語言學多方面的視角，尤其在我們處理顏色詞彙時詞彙譯碼歷程上與視覺表徵之間的關係。因此我們試圖將此經典心理學技術轉化成宜於語言學研究的語誤誘發實驗。藉由控制變項間的語音近似度，創制了四項實驗，分別是：顏色唸名實驗、顏色誦讀實驗、史楚普唸名實驗、同音詞唸名實驗。結果顯示，即便受試者對語音近似度並未在單項實驗中產生語誤數量與反應時間的差異，但它在不同實驗任務之間卻誘使受試者產生不一樣的反應結果，包括數量上及時間上的顯著差異。 此外，我們針對語誤，分析其與目標字之間的關係，研判部分音韻效應是否對詞彙處理網絡造成顯著影響。結果顯示，史楚普效應、音韻結構、音法限制以及聲調效應在語誤數量中均出現顯著的生成量；音節首、韻部以及母音則並未出現顯著效應。史楚普技術除了在語誤證據中為文字閱讀提供自動化效應的解釋外，也讓我們看到音韻效應在不同視覺任務指派中產生顯著差異的結果。如此看來，互動式模型提供了較為簡潔的解釋。來自二元視覺刺激(視覺色彩與顏色詞)的詞彙競爭，該框架可以合理提供理論基礎，並解釋不同視覺任務之間音韻關係依存度的不同。 另一方面，我們亦援引同樣技術設計出以音韻單位為導向的唸名實驗，討論語言輸出前規劃單位之議題。我們發現，僅含聲調的音節以及無聲調的音節可在詞彙網絡中做為語言規劃之心理處理單位，促進詞彙處理效能。其他單位如音節首、介音、母音、韻尾、聲調則無法出現顯著效應。同時亦於實驗中發現，中文聲調於規劃階段時，應是屬於詞彙結構上的聲調，而非純粹的聲韻調。 / Serial-ordering model and interactive processing model have long been discussed as whether people process languages in a sequential level of processing or the consequence of levels interacting altogether by looking at speech errors. Stroop technique (1935) in psychology could give linguistics some insights on the relation between lexical encoding and visual representation when people process colors. We tried to adapt this classical psychological experiment for an experiment of speech error elicitation. By means of controlling the phonological similarity, we created four experiments: color naming, color reading, Stroop naming, and homophonous naming tasks. The result first showed that even though phonological similarity did not induce significant difference in error amount and response time within single task, it still caused significant difference in these results among these tasks. Second, after analyzing the linguistic relation between targets and speech errors, we found that Stroop effect, syllable structure, phonotactic regularity, and tone induced apparent effects in error generation, while initial, rhyme, and vowel did not. Stroop effect not only provided the evidence from speech errors where character representation was an autonomous mechanism in lexical process, but also provided a fact that phonological effect would impacted differently on amount of error according to the type of visual task. It seems that interactive account could help explain the result easily, as the competition from dual visual inputs could be given a theoretical basis to account for the phonological dependency according to certain visual task which subjects were assigned to. Finally, we also discussed the issue of advanced planning unit in lexical process. In the shared unit task with Stroop technique, we found that only the units of tonal syllable and bare syllable could serve as possible planning units in lexical network, and tone in Chinese should be attributed to a type of lexical tone in planning, rather than a pure phonological tone. To sum up, the purpose of the study attempts to provide empirical evidence to examine the above issues.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2549.pdf: 1057736 bytes, checksum: bf104a9547b6525d934ddc0ae55c2387 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-02 / The exchange of knowledge and optimization of resources optimism are increasingly needed necessaries for companies´ Product Delevopment Process (PDP). The Product Quality Advanced Planning (APQP) is a structured method, contained in Norm ISO/TS 16:949:2002, which aims to define and execute the actions required for a PDP in order to ensure that the product satisfies the customer. It´s greatest contribution is to facilitate communication among all people and activities. Although the APQP has been used primarily by the automotive industry, the possibility to apply this method for the white goods industry is considered, mainly due to this industry has been precursor of many methods, such as lean production. Furthermore, the search for a developing standardized products method could facilitate the work of automotive and white goods suppliers. The lean production has also contributed to the optimization of resources and administrative proceedings in these industries. Thus, this standardized method could include the use of some lean production tools. The aim of this work is to characterize the use of APQP in white goods and automotive industries suppliers and more specifically, to evaluate the possible failures in these suppliers product development process, and to discuss the importance of tools in each step of APQP and the application of these to white goods industry. The hypotheses were made concerning the possible simplification of this standard method, the integration of areas, the knowledge obtained in the implementation of APQP and facilities of lean production and six sigma for the implementation of APQP. The chosen method for this work was the description of five case studies made in companies of the electro electronic and chemical fields, which are suppliers of both industries cited. In these companies a representative of the automotive and one of white goods industry were interviewed. The research finds that it´s possible to use the APQP method in the white goods as well as it shows white goods companies which have already requested it to suppliers. It also describes the PDPs of each company, highlights the major failures in the methods used and describes an overview of the automotive and white goods industries PDPs. A proposal to APQP application with some lean production tools is presented in the final chapters. / A troca de conhecimento e a otimização dos recursos são cada vez mais necessárias para o Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP) em empresas. O Planejamento Avançado da Qualidade do Produto (APQP) é um método estruturado, contido na Norma ISO/TS 16:949:2002, que busca definir e executar as ações necessárias para um PDP, a fim de assegurar que um produto satisfaça o cliente. Sua maior contribuição se dá no sentido de facilitar a comunicação entre todas as pessoas e atividades. Apesar de o APQP ter sido utilizado primeiramente pela indústria automotiva, considera-se a possibilidade de utilização deste para a indústria de linha branca, devido principalmente à primeira indústria ter sido precursora de diversas ferramentas, como a produção enxuta. Além disto, a busca por um método de desenvolvimento de produtos padronizados poderia facilitar o trabalho em fornecedores das indústrias automotiva e de linha branca. A produção enxuta também tem contribuído para a otimização dos recursos de processo e administrativos nestas indústrias. Assim, este método padronizado poderia contemplar a utilização de algumas ferramentas da produção enxuta. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a utilização do APQP em fornecedores dos setores de linha branca e automotivo e mais especificamente, avaliar as possíveis falhas no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos destes fornecedores, além de discutir a importância das ferramentas disponíveis em cada etapa do APQP e a aplicação destas para a linha branca. As hipóteses construídas são relacionadas com a possível simplificação deste método padrão, a integração das áreas, o conhecimento adquirido na aplicação do APQP e a facilidade das ferramentas da produção enxuta e seis sigma para a implantação do APQP. O método escolhido para a realização deste trabalho foi a relização de cinco estudos de casos feitos em empresas do setor eletroeletrônico e químico, que fornecem para ambas as indústrias citadas. Nestas empresas, foram entrevistados um representante do setor automotivo e um da linha branca. A pesquisa conclui ser possível a utilização do método APQP para a linha branca, inclusive relata montadoras da linha branca que já o solicitam aos fornecedores. Também descreve os PDPs de cada empresa, enfatiza as principais falhas nos métodos utilizados e descreve uma visão geral do PDP do setor automotivo e do setor de linha branca. Uma proposta de utilização do APQP com algumas ferramentas da produção enxuta é apresentada nos capítulos finais.