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From 1935 to present governmental social programs have attained a monetary magnitude not likely to have been envisioned by those responsible for their inception. This study traces the evolution of these social programs in an attempt to relate, as far as possible, the impact of these programs on the hopes and aspirations of black people. Since the proportion of blacks receiving governmental assistance is so large, an assessment of the financial and social gains or losses made by blacks should be indicative of the effect of these programs. Employment and earnings, education, health and housing were the major focuses of this study. Evidence was reviewed which indicates that the continuing dependency of blacks is a function of the magnitude of the social programs. The suggestion is that many of the social programs may be well-intentioned but are ill-conceived. In view of recent legal and social trends the requirement for continuing research by blacks is mandatory. It is important to distinguish real information from misinformation. A chronology of the program suggests that a more enlightened view must be taken by those responsible for such programs in the future.

<p> Suboptimal cardiovascular health among African American (AA) women contributes to high costs of care related to acute illness, chronic illness, and disability. Using the health promotion model, this needs assessment project examined risk factors that predispose adult AA women between the ages of 21 to 64 years of age to higher incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Seventy of the 300 charts that met the inclusion criteria (female AA patients, 21 to 64 years of age, receiving care in a community clinic in an urban city of Texas) were audited for this project. Descriptive analysis showed that 66% of the women did not have a diagnosis of CVD, 32% were noted as being at risk for CVD, and risk for diagnosis of CVD was not listed in 3% of the charts. The audit also showed that 7% of the AA women did not monitor their diet, 60% monitored their diet, and 33% lacked knowledge of heart healthy diet. Sixty-seven percent of charts audited noted a family history of CVD, 33% noted no family history of CVD, while 3% noted an unknown family history of CVD. The ages of the patients ranged from 21&ndash;64 (<i>M</i> = 24.9 years). Weight ranged from 104&ndash;225 lbs. (<i>M</i> = 172.5 lbs.) and height ranged between 52-73 inches (<i>M</i> = 61.13 inches). Body mass index (BMI) calculated showed 1.43% of the women were underweight, 11.4% showed normal BMI, 32.86% were overweight, and 54.29% were obese. Study recommendation included implementation of a patient education that will help increase awareness of CVD among the patient population at the clinic. Findings from this project could increase awareness on the importance of creating cultural congruent education program that will help educate minority populations more effectively in the management of cardiovascular disease.</p>

<p>Drawing on local criminal court records in western and central South Carolina, this dissertation follows the legal experiences of black girls in South Carolina courts between 1885 and 1920, a time span that includes the aftermath of Reconstruction and the foundational years of Jim Crow. While scholars continue to debate the degree to which black children were included in evolving conversations about childhood and child protection, this dissertation argues that black girls were critical to turn-of-the century debates about all children's roles in society. Far from invisible in the courts and jails of their time, black girls found themselves in the crosshairs of varying forms of power --including intraracial community surveillance, burgeoning local government, Progressive reform initiatives and military policy -- particularly when it came to matters of sexuality and reproduction. Their presence in South Carolina courts established boundaries between early childhood, adolescence and womanhood and pushed legal stakeholders to consider the legal implication of age, race, and gender in criminal proceedings. Age had a complicated effect on black girls' legal encounters; very young black girls were often able to claim youth and escape harsher punishments, while courts often used judicial discretion to levy heavier sentences to adolescents and violent girl offenders. While courts helped to separate early childhood from the middle years, they also provided a space for African-American children and family to engage a legal system that was moving rapidly toward disenfranchising blacks.</p> / Dissertation

Paule Marshall has charged that the portrayal of the black woman in literature has been limited to stereotypes and fantasy figures, and that the writers of fiction have not presented the black woman as a complex and credible character. In her challenge to black writers to create such complex characters, Paule Marshall cites her own works as exemplary models of how the black woman should be portrayed. A careful examination of the black woman as a character in Paule Marshall's Brown Girl, Brownstones, Soul Clap Hands and Sing and The Chosen Place, The Timeless People demonstrates that Paule Marshall provides in her fiction realistic representations of the black woman. In these works the black woman appears in a variety of plots, settings and conflicts which depicts the many dimensions of black womanhood. Paule Marshall captures the strengths and weaknesses of women struggling for survival, surmounting obstacles to realize goals, and searching for identity. Through a combination of diversified characterizations, Paule Marshall projects positive images of the black woman.

Thesis advisor: Bernard O'Brien / This study investigated factors associated with stable marriages among twelve African-American, working-class couples who had been married for a minimum of twenty years, with children who were at least 18 years of age. The researcher conducted an in-depth interview with each spouse separately, and explored aspects of three different stages of their marriages: the early years, child rearing years, and post-child rearing years. Factors that were examined to determine their impact on marital stability included relationship variables, external factors and the influence of respondents' parents' marriages on their relationships. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 1993. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Education.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2003. / Vita (p. 153-156). Advisor: Dr. James P. Jones, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of History. Includes bibliographical references.