Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2009. / Title from title screen (site viewed January 12, 2010). PDF text: vii, 81 p. ; 1.25 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3365764. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

While replacement of dietary saturated fat with unsaturated fat has been advocated to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) could increase low density lipoprotein (LDL) susceptibility to oxidation, potentially contributing to the pathology of atherosclerosis. To assess in vivo lipid peroxidation and susceptibility, of LDL surface and core lipids to ex vivo oxidation, in women consuming increased amounts of specific unsaturated fatty acids, 15 postmenopausal women took daily supplements of sunflower oil providing 12.3 g/day of oleate, safflower oil providing 10.5 g/day of linoleate, and fish oil providing 2.0 g/day of eicosapentaenoate (EPA) and 1.4 g/day of docosahexaenoate (DHA) during a crossover trial. Plasma F₂-isoprostanes (F₂-isoP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TEARS) were measured to assess lipid peroxidation in vivo. Ex vivo oxidation of LDL was monitored by measuring the formation of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides (PCOOH) and cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides (CE18:200H) during coppermediated oxidation. Plasma free F₂-isoP and MDA concentrations were lower after EPA/DHA supplementation than after oleate (P = 0.001, F₂-isoP and 0.02, MDA) and linoleate supplementation (P = 0.04 for both F₂-isoP and MDA). However, plasma TBARS concentrations were higher after EPA/DHA than after oleate (P = 0.001) and linoleate supplementation (P = 0.0004). During LDL oxidation, the lag phase for PCOOH formation was shorter in EPA/DHA- than oleate- (P = 0.0001) and linoleate-enriched LDL (P = 0.002), while the lag phase for CE18:200H was shorter in EPA/DHA- than oleate- (P = 0.01) but not linoleate-enriched LDL. The maximal rate of PCOOH formation was lower in EPA/ DHA- than linoleate- (P = 0.007) but not oleate-enriched LDL, while the maximal rate of CE18:200H formation was lower in EPA/DHA- than oleate- (P = 0.03) and linoleate-enriched LDL (P [less than or equal to] 0.0001). The maximal concentrations of PCOOH and CE18:200H were lower in EPA/DHA- than oleate- (P [less than or equal to] 0.05) and linoleate-enriched LDL (P [less than or equal to] 0.01). Oleate-enrichment generally decreased the oxidative susceptibility of LDL surface and core lipids, while EPA/DHA-enrichment did not increase LDL oxidative susceptibility compared to linoleate-enrichment. This study emphasizes the need for more than one relevant assay of in vivo lipid peroxidation. / Graduation date: 2000

Current dietary recommendations have placed increasing emphasis on dietary fat as an important element to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although total fat and the fatty acid composition of diets influence the risk of CVD, the optimal amounts of different fatty acids are not well defined, especially if n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are considered. Despite the fact that postmenopausal women are at increased risk of CVD, few studies have investigated the influence of dietary fatty acids on this risk. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effect of supplementation with different fatty acids on risk factors of CVD in postmenopausal women. Sixteen healthy, postmenopausal women were randomly assigned in a three-period crossover trial to treatments of 15 g/d supplements of oleic acid-rich sunflower oil (TS), linoleic acid-rich safflower oil (SO), and eicosapentaenoic acid- and docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil (FO). Each treatment period lasted 5 weeks followed by a 7-week washout interval. When the women were supplemented with FO compared to supplementation with either TS or SO, the concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol tended to increase (p=0.07 and 0.05, respectively) as did the size of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle (P=0.03 in both instances) while the concentration of triacylglycerol (p=0.0001 and 0.02, respectively) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) (P=0.005 and P=0.01, respectively) decreased. The concentration , i.e., total cholesterol, cholesterol ester, free cholesterol, phospholipids, α- and γ-tocopherol, of the two LDL subfractions was not influenced by any of the oil supplements but was greater in the large (L) subfraction than the small (S). When the oxidation of the two subfractions was measured by monitoring the formation of conjugated dienes, the lag time was shorter in both fractions after supplementation with FO compared to supplementation with SO (P=0.0001) or TS (P=0.0001) but the effect was greater in the L subfraction. The rate of formation of conjugated dienes, which was slower after FO supplementation than supplementation with either TS (P=0.02) or SO (P=0.001), was faster in the L compared to the S subfraction. When oxidation was measured by monitoring the increase in negative charge on apo B over 23 hr, only the 1 hr time point differed. The increase was greater in the FO-supplemented group than either the TS- or SO-supplemented groups (P=0.001 in both instances). The change was greater in S LDL (P=0.007). These findings demonstrate a greater potential antiatherogenic property of dietary n-3-rich oil than n-6- or n-9-rich ones as indicated by changes to plasma lipids, lipoproteins, apo B, and particle size but the influence of the oxidative susceptibility of L and S subfractions is less conclusive. / Graduation date: 2000

Graduation date: 1993

The US population over the age of 65 years is growing rapidly, with elderly women outnumbering men by 50 percent. Studies show that aging is often accompanied by reduced energy intake, inadequate nutrition, and the loss of lean body mass with a subsequent increase in body fat, as well as the tendency towards inactivity. An increased level of physical activity elevates energy needs, which can lead to increased energy and nutrient intake, and has been shown to aid in the maintenance of lean body mass and the reduction of body fat. Positive health outcomes for seniors depends partly on a clearer understanding of the interrelationships between physical activity, diet, and body composition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether higher overall levels of physical activity among elderly women, were related to higher energy intake, nutrient adequacy, and less body fat, and to what extent age affected these associations. Sixty-three elderly women (aged 65-98 years) volunteers completed a three part study spanning 14 weeks. Mean level of physical activity (MLPA) and mean nutrient intakes were estimated using nine self-reported days of records, three predetermined days from each of three recording periods. MLPA was determined from self-reported hours spent in five physical activity categories (resting, very light, light, moderate, and heavy), multiplied by corresponding weighted factors of intensity (1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.0, respectively). Nutrient analyses for seven vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12) and three minerals (calcium, iron, and zinc) were done using the Food Processor II computer software. A mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated for each subject as the average percent of the RDA for intakes of all 10 nutrients. Body composition assessment included triplicate measures of: height and weight from which body mass index (BMI) was determined; waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); and an estimation of percent body fat (PBF) from the sum of four skinfolds (triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac). It was determined that MLPA was not directly related to energy intake, nutrient adequacy, or the three body composition parameters. However, the correlation coefficients between MLPA and energy intake, mean adequacy ratio, and percent RDA for 8 of the 10 nutrients were positive, and the correlation coefficients between MLPA and all three body fatness measures were negative, as was expected. The small coefficient of variability of MLPA limited its discriminating power in determining associations with energy intake, nutrient adequacy, and body composition. Backward stepwise regression models were conducted to distinguish potential confounding effects of age, education, and MLPA on the variables kcal/day, kcal/kg/day, MAR, BMI, WHR, and PBF. Age was found to account for the largest portion of the variations, and was greater than the contribution of MLPA for all of these variables, except in the case of kcal/kg/day. When the subjects were divided into young-old (65-74 yr) and old-old (75-98 yr) subgroups, the younger compared to the older women were found to be more active as measured by MLPA (p=.02), explained by their engaging in more light activities of daily living (p=.04). The young-old compared to the old-old women consumed more kcalories/day (p=.01), and had a higher MAR score (p=.00). The nutrient densities of the two groups' diets were not significantly different. The younger women had slightly lower BMI, WHR, and PBF values. This study revealed age, rather than MLPA, was a better predictor of some parameters of diet adequacy and body fatness among this sample of elderly women. In addition, consistently higher levels of physical activity and greater dietary adequacy and was found among the younger compared to the older portions of this sample of senior women, suggesting that nutrition intervention programs for the elderly should encourage daily activeness as a strategy to maintain or improve dietary adequacy with advancing age. / Graduation date: 1993

The percentage of the American population who are 65 years old or older is rapidly increasing, especially the proportion of women. It is becoming crucial to encourage lifestyle behaviors that will enable senior women to remain in optimal health. Following the 1990 Dietary Guidelines' recommendations to limit fat intake and consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber has been shown to positively impact longevity and health status in the elderly by decreasing risk factors for chronic diseases. An expected outcome of engaging in regular exercise is a reduction in body fat, which is also associated with a lowered incidence of several chronic illnesses. However, the literature clearly indicates that nutritional quality of the diet and involvement in regular exercise decrease with increasing age. There is evidence that, with the adoption of one health enhancing behavior, there is a greater tendency to engage in other health promoting behaviors, but little data exist on the healthseeking behaviors of older adults. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if there were identifiable differences between self-defined exercising and self-defined non-exercising elderly women with respect to their nutrient intake, food sources of dietary fat and fiber, dietary change behavior, and body composition parameters, considering their age and education and income levels. The objective was to determine whether those women who had consciously undertaken a regular exercise program would also have higher micronutrient intakes, make lower fat and higher fiber food choices, report having made more dietary changes in the direction of the 1990 Dietary Guidelines, and have leaner body compositions than those who had not undertaken such a program. Thirty-three elderly women self-reported exercisers (mean age 74.1 years) and 30 self-reported non-exercisers (mean age 71.3 years) were enrolled in a 14 week study. Exercisers were defined as those who reported having engaged in a regular program of planned exercise a minimum of 15 minutes per session, 2 times per week, for at least the last year, and non-exercisers were those who had not. They kept three, 7-day food records at 5 week intervals. Nutrient intake was estimated from 9 days of food records, 3 predetermined days from each recording period, using the Food Processor n software. Dietary intakes were analyzed for energy, macronutrients, dietary fiber, and selected micronutrients. Food sources of dietary fat and fiber were determined using a food categorization adapted from Popkin and coworkers (1989). Information concerning dietary change behavior, obtained from questionnaire responses, was compared between groups using chisquare tests. Body composition, assessed through repeat measurements during each dietary recording period, included determination of percent body fat through skinfolds, waist-to-hip-ratio and body mass index. Average 9-day nutrient intakes and anthropometric measures were compared between groups using t-tests or Mann- Whitney U tests. Both elderly women exercisers and non-exercisers had similar energy, macronutrient, and dietary fiber intakes based on 9-day means. Their total fat intakes, expressed in grams and as percentages of energy, were not significantly different. Both groups consumed a lower percentage of their daily kcalories as total fat (32%) compared with national surveys of women over 65 (36%). Exercisers consumed more total vitamin A (p=.03) and carotene (p=.00) than the non-exercising women. A great proportion of both groups did not meet 75 % of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for calcium and zinc. A larger proportion of the exercisers than the non-exercisers reported using lower fat cheese (p=.02) and green and yellow vegetables (p=.03), which partially explained their higher total vitamin A and carotene intakes. Exercisers obtained less of their total fat intake from lower fat milk (p=.02) and more of their fat intake from lower fat lunch meats (p=.04) than the non-exercisers. The categories of legumes (p=.02) and lower fiber vegetables (p=.05) supplied greater amounts of dietary fiber for the exercisers compared with the non-exercisers. When asked about dietary changes made over the past decade, a greater percentage of the exercisers than non-exercisers reported having decreased red meat intake (p=.05) and increased consumption of cereals (p=.05) and legumes (p=.00). Actual intake data showed that the legume food category contributed more dietary fiber to the diets of the exercisers than the non-exercisers (p=.02). No differences were found in body fat measures between the exercisers and non-exercisers. The lack of observed differences between the two groups reinforces what other researchers have found, that a large number of factors influence body composition, of which exercise is only one. More research is needed to distinguish the interactions of age, energy intake, and physical activity on the body fatness of elderly women, as well as the most accurate instruments for assessing body composition for this age group. Exercise participation among elderly women in this study appeared to be associated with several positive dietary behaviors. Elderly women exercisers compared to non-exercisers made food choices leading to higher total vitamin A and carotene intakes, and also reported making more changes in food consumption behaviors in the direction of current dietary recommendations. These observed outcomes provide support for designing health-promotion programs for elderly women which include both nutrition education and exercise components. / Graduation date: 1993

Pau King-man. / Thesis submitted in: October 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-181). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xxiv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Women's Overweight and Obesity Prevalence and Trends --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Etiology of Overweight and Obesity --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Health Consequences of Obesity in Women --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Dietary and Physical Activity Recommendations for Good Health for Adults --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Health Behavior Change Theories --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Weight Control/Loss Interventions for Women --- p.10 / Chapter 1.7 --- Weight Loss Risks --- p.11 / Chapter 1.8 --- Health Promotion Programs for Women --- p.12 / Chapter 1.9 --- General Situation and Population Trends Among Hong Kong Middle- aged Women --- p.15 / Chapter 1.10 --- Nutrition-related Morbidity and Mortality Among Hong Kong Women --- p.16 / Chapter 1.11 --- Diet Composition of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.20 / Chapter 1.12 --- Physical Activity Patterns of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.21 / Chapter 1.13 --- Education and Health in Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.23 / Chapter 1.14 --- Attitudes Toward and Beliefs About Diet and Health of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.24 / Chapter 1.15 --- Common Weight Loss Methods Among Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.25 / Chapter 1.16 --- Sources of Health Information Among Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.25 / Chapter 1.17 --- Summary --- p.26 / Chapter 1.18 --- Study Purpose and Objectives --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 2.1 --- Recruitment of Participants --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Focus Groups --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Survey Instrument --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Questionnaire --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Three-day Dietary Record --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Anthropometric and Cholesterol Measurements --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Intervention --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- Evaluation --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Process Evaluation --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Outcome Evaluation --- p.40 / Chapter 2.6 --- Data Management --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7 --- Statistics --- p.40 / Chapter 2.8 --- Data Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Physical Activity Patterns --- p.41 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Dietary Patterns --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Nutrition Knowledge Score --- p.45 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Physical Activity Knowledge Score --- p.46 / Chapter 2.8.5 --- Blood Total Cholesterol --- p.46 / Chapter 2.8.6 --- Body Mass Index --- p.47 / Chapter 2.8.7 --- Percent Body Fat --- p.47 / Chapter 2.9 --- Ethics --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- Focus Group Results --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- General Description of Participants --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Health' --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Healthy Lifestyle' --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Healthy Eating' --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Physical Activity' --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- The Factors Motivating the Women to Adopt a Healthy Lifestyle --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Sources of Information About Healthy Eating and Physical Activity --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Suggestions for the Type and Content of Activities in a Health Promotion Program --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Participation Rate in the Study --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3 --- Pretest --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- General Participant Sociodemographic Description --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Anthropometry --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Health Conditions Reported --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Meal Patterns --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Nutrient Supplements Practices --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Cooking Practices --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Food Removal Behavior --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Food Label Reading --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Dietary Intake --- p.66 / Chapter a. --- From the Three-day Dietary Records --- p.66 / Chapter b. --- From the Food Frequency Questionnaire --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Nutrition Knowledge --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.11 --- Physical Activity Habits --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.12 --- Physical Activity Knowledge --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.13 --- Intention and Confidence in Changing Behavior --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.14 --- Perceived Difficulties in Changing Behavior --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.15 --- Perceived Methods Facilitating Behavior Change --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.16 --- Health Information Desired --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.17 --- Areas of Health the Women Would Like to Improve --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.18 --- Summary Profile of the Women at Pretest --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4 --- Outcome Evaluation --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5 --- Posttest --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- General Participant Sociodemographic Description --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Anthropometry --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Health Conditions Reported --- p.87 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Meal Patterns --- p.88 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Nutrient Supplements Practices --- p.89 / Chapter 3.5.6 --- Cooking Practices --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5.7 --- Food Removal Behavior --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.8 --- Food Label Reading --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.9 --- Dietary Intake --- p.93 / Chapter a. --- From the Three-day Dietary Records --- p.93 / Chapter b. --- From the Food Frequency Questionnaire --- p.94 / Chapter 3.5.10 --- Nutrition Knowledge --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.11 --- Physical Activity Habits --- p.98 / Chapter 3.5.12 --- Physical Activity Knowledge --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.13 --- Analysis the Changes by Education Level --- p.102 / Chapter 3.5.14 --- Analysis the Changes by Age Group --- p.104 / Chapter 3.5.15 --- Intention and Confidence in Changing Behavior --- p.105 / Chapter 3.5.16 --- Perceived Difficulties in Changing Behavior --- p.107 / Chapter 3.5.17 --- Perceived Methods Facilitating Behavior Change --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5.18 --- Health Information Desired --- p.110 / Chapter 3.5.19 --- Areas of Health the Women Would Like to Improve --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5.20 --- Summary Profile of the Women at Posttest --- p.112 / Chapter 3.6 --- Participants' Evaluation of the Intervention Program --- p.113 / Chapter 3.7 --- Follow-up --- p.118 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- General Participant Sociodemographic Description --- p.118 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Anthropometry --- p.118 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Health Conditions Reported --- p.121 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Meal Patterns --- p.121 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Nutrient Supplements Practices --- p.122 / Chapter 3.7.6 --- Cooking Practices --- p.123 / Chapter 3.7.7 --- Food Removal Behavior --- p.125 / Chapter 3.7.8 --- Food Label Reading --- p.126 / Chapter 3.7.9 --- Dietary Intake --- p.127 / Chapter a. --- From the Three-day Dietary Records --- p.127 / Chapter b. --- From the Food Frequency Questionnaire --- p.129 / Chapter 3.7.10 --- Nutrition Knowledge --- p.131 / Chapter 3.7.11 --- Physical Activity Habits --- p.135 / Chapter 3.7.12 --- Physical Activity Knowledge --- p.136 / Chapter 3.7.13 --- Intention and Confidence in Changing Behavior --- p.140 / Chapter 3.7.14 --- Analysis the Changes by Education Level --- p.142 / Chapter 3.7.15 --- Analysis the Changes by Age Group --- p.143 / Chapter 3.7.16 --- Perceived Difficulties in Changing Behavior --- p.144 / Chapter 3.7.17 --- Perceived Methods Facilitating Behavior Change --- p.145 / Chapter 3.7.18 --- Health Information Desired --- p.148 / Chapter 3.7.19 --- Areas of Health the Women Would Like to Improve --- p.149 / Chapter 3.7.20 --- Summary Profile of the Women at Follow-up --- p.150 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Implications of Findings --- p.154 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Current Situations in Diet and Physical Activity of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.154 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Overall Effects of the Program --- p.161 / Chapter a. --- Changes in Knowledge --- p.161 / Chapter b. --- Changes in Awareness and Intention --- p.163 / Chapter c. --- Changes in Behavior --- p.164 / Chapter d. --- Changes in Anthropometery --- p.166 / Chapter 4.2 --- Strengths and Limitations of the Study --- p.167 / Chapter 4.3 --- Implications and Recommendations for Meeting the Challenges of Improving Hong Kong Middle-aged Women's Nutrition and Physical Activity Habits --- p.169 / Chapter 4.4 --- Suggestions for Future Research --- p.170 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.172 / References --- p.173 / Appendices / Chapter A --- Consent form (Chinese version) --- p.182 / Chapter B --- Consent form (English version) --- p.183 / Chapter C --- Questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.184 / Chapter D --- Questionnaire (English version) --- p.196 / Chapter E --- Photos for food amount quantities and household measures (Chinese version) --- p.210 / Chapter F --- Photos for food amount quantities and household measures (English version) --- p.213 / Chapter G --- Sample of dietary record (Chinese version) --- p.216 / Chapter H --- Sample of dietary record (English version) --- p.217 / Chapter I --- Three-day dietary record (Chinese version) --- p.218 / Chapter J --- Three-day dietary record (English version) --- p.221 / Chapter K --- Pamphlets for health talks (Chinese version) --- p.224 / Chapter L --- Pamphlets for health talks (English version) --- p.236 / Chapter M --- Pamphlets for physical activity demonstration (Chinese version) --- p.248 / Chapter N --- Pamphlets for physical activity demonstration (English version) --- p.253 / Chapter O --- Process evaluation questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.258 / Chapter P --- Process evaluation questionnaire (English version) --- p.260 / Chapter Q --- Overall evaluation questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.262 / Chapter R --- Overall evaluation questionnaire (English version) --- p.263 / Chapter S --- Focus group questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.264 / Chapter T --- Focus group questionnaire (English version) --- p.265 / Chapter U --- Focus group question guides (Chinese version) --- p.266 / Chapter V --- Focus group question guides (English version) --- p.268 / Chapter W --- The food consumption patterns of women in the Education and Control Groups --- p.270