This thesis consists of four self-contained essays on the topic of entrepreneurship. [Essay I] uses a unique and detailed Swedish dataset to explore firm, regional, and industry determinants that stimulate spin-offs using the choice of the individuals as the level of analysis. The most important results are that the size of the region and of the local entrepreneurial culture (the relative number of SMEs) has a positive effect on the propensity of the individual to set up a new venture corroborating the results of past firm- and regional-level studies. Industrial specialization is shown to have a positive impact on spin-offs, albeit only in high-tech manufacturing and in knowledge intensive business service sectors. Moreover, using an entropy measure to disentangle unrelated and related variety, it is found that the former has a significantly negative while the latter a significantly positive effect on the propensity of the individual to start a spin-off. [Essay II] asks how localisation (MAR) and diversity (Jacobs) externalities affect opportunity-based entrepreneurship across all industry sectors in Sweden’s private economy in the period 1999-2005. MAR externalities are found to positively affect entrepreneurship across all sectors. Jacobs externalities, measured as related variety using an entropy measure, positively affect entrepreneurship in high-tech manufacturing and in knowledge intensive business services but have no significant effect on low-tech manufacturing and other services. The results suggest that previous studies that find no evidence of entrepreneurship benefiting from a diverse local market composition might be using too broad measures of variety. [Essay III] analyses how different R&D strategies of incumbent firms affect the quantity and quality of their entrepreneurial spawning. By examining entrepreneurial ventures of ex-employees of firms with different R&D strategies three things emerge: First, firms with persistent R&D investments with a general superiority in sales, exports, productivity, profitability and wages are less likely to generate entrepreneurs than firm with temporary or no R&D investments. Second, start-ups from knowledge intensive business service (KIBS) firms with persistent R&D investments have a significantly increased probability of survival.  No corresponding association between the R&D strategies of incumbents and survival of entrepreneurial spawns is found for incumbents in manufacturing sectors. Third, spin-outs from KIBS-firms are more likely to survive if they start in the same firm, indicating the importance of inherited related knowledge. The findings suggest that R&D intensive firms spur fewer entrepreneurs, but their entrepreneurial spawns tend to be of higher quality. [Essay IV] investigates how universities may affect regional entrepreneurship through the localisation decisions of entrepreneurial alumni. Empirically, a comprehensive, individual-level dataset from Sweden is used for the period 2003-2005. The results suggest that even when controlling for their spatial history, individuals have an increased propensity to set up in the region where they studied. This effect is found to substitute for both urbanisation economies and localisation economies as drivers of regional-level entrepreneurship. Thus, the analysis provides evidence on how universities affect regional economic development that complements the strong focus on spin-off activities by university researchers in previous studies. / QC20100622

Any one organization or agency, whether for-profit or non-profit organizations that are seeking to enhance their efficiency, improve production technology, thereby achieving the goal of improving productivity, with a view to the current competitive environment. Efficiency measurement is very important, it can help decision makers understand whether the organization achieve technology progress and innovation objectives. In recent years, the government and civil organizations devote themselves to measure the change of organizational efficiency and productivity. Academia constantly research and develop various models of efficiency and productivity analysis, and application to actual cases analysis. Efficiency and productivity analysis has leapt to the mainstream of production economic studies. This empirical study adopts the census data of the classification of the Chamber of Commerce and industry of manufacturing in Taiwan, using two-stage approach to explore dynamic agglomeration externalities of 2-digit manufacturing. In the first stage, we apply dynamic network data envelopment analysis and Malmquist productivity index to calculate static efficiency and dynamic efficiency of 2-digit manufacturing. In the second stage, we apply Tobit regression analysis to verify a manufacturing geographical concentration effects on productive efficiency. We also adopt two-stage least squares methods (2SLS) to validate dynamic agglomeration externalities effects of manufacturing. Based on the results of this empical study, we propose some specific practical policy alternatives and management strategies. In the last 20 years, the strctures of Taiwan manufacturing industries have significant changes, the livelihood industry and of the sharp decline in industry, the chemical industry, electronics industry, metal machinery industry is growing fast. There is an obvous agglomeration tendency toward northern Taiwan region. In static efficiency, labour-intensive manufacturing industries tend to be diminishing return to scale rendering, while knowledge-intensive industries are rendering the increasing trend. The scale efficiency of eastern region manufacturing is very low, resulting in their productive efficiency significantly lower than the northern, central, southern regional manufacturing. In dynamic efficiency, the total factor productivity (TFP) of Taiwan manufacturing industries are rendering the growth trend, achieving the goal of innovation effect. However, the technical efficiency of manufacturing are rendering decline trend. This study found that the most important impact factor on production efficiency is the internal economies of scale. Localization economies, urbanization economies, and other static agglomeration economies external effect gradually reduce. Moreover, this study also found that Taiwan manufacturing industries have notable MAR professional dynamic external economics and notable Porter regional competitive dynamic external economic effect. Besides, Taiwan manufacturing industries has noticeable human resource dynamic external economics, but we also found low wages is beneficial to regional economic growth. We should not expand to explain Taiwan manufacturing-sweatshops. This phenomenon may be caused by high salaries, high rents, high land costs and high labor costs, these factors offset the interest of agglomeration economies. Finally, Taiwan and mainland China signed a cross-strait economic cooperation framework agreement (ECFA) in Chongqing on 29 June 2010. Taiwan manufacturing inevitably be impacted and influenced by ECFA. This is an important topic worthy of further study and discussion in the future.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:08:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 71050100665.pdf: 1200022 bytes, checksum: 1f8ccfefbe91b191497f4d5021ad4180 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17T00:00:00Z / Este trabalho aborda o tema das aglomerações geográficas de organizações interconectadas, ou os assim chamados clusters empresariais. Sendo que a competitividade encontra seus fundamentos na ação das empresas, e estas podem não somente criar lucro econômico, mas também gerar benefícios para a sociedade local e o país, é necessário compreender melhor os efeitos decorrentes da aglomeração empresarial, para o conjunto de organizações que atuam conjuntamente na mesma região, e principalmente, para a sociedade local. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar quais são os efeitos dos clusters nos municípios onde se encontram estabelecidos. Para tanto, adotou-se uma estratégia de pesquisa de múltiplas etapas, envolvendo inicialmente uma pesquisa exploratória em um reconhecido cluster de tecnologia da informação e comunicação, cujos subsídios foram utilizados no refinamento de hipóteses testadas em uma pesquisa quantitativa, na qual foram analisadas 645 observações, correspondentes aos municípios do estado de São Paulo. Os resultados sugerem que os municípios que contam com clusters industriais são aqueles que apresentam desempenho superior, em termos de intensidade exportadora e agregação de valor. Estes municípios apresentam ainda níveis elevados de riqueza para os munícipes, e, nas cidades com clusters industriais, há também maior longevidade dos cidadãos. Mas não há qualquer evidência de que municípios com concentrações estão relacionados à maior escolaridade, um resultado contra-intuitivo, já que supostamente, a atividade industrial demanda gestores mais especializados, e mão-de-obra mais qualificada. Uma evidência interessante se refere aos problemas ambientais. O grupo de municípios com clusters apresentou mais problemas relacionados a alterações ambientais. Sendo qualquer teoria resultado de características histórico-culturais bastante específicas, seu poder explicativo pode diminuir à medida que novas demandas sociais adentram nos campos científicos. Como tal, uma necessária revisão do modelo de vantagem competitiva em clusters é sugerida neste trabalho, contemplando as questões da sustentabilidade, que se fazem presentes na economia e na sociedade contemporâneas. / This study provides evidence regarding the strategic dynamics of competitive clusters. It’s suggested that the competitiveness must be pursued not only by the increasing of economic profits, but it also must generate benefits for the local society and the country. This is necessary to understand better the whole effects of the clusters for the set of organizations who act jointly in the same region. This work aims to determine which are the effects of clusters in the region where they are established. A strategy of research of multiple stages was adopted, having involved initially an exploratory research, in a cluster of information and communication technology. The results had been used in the refinement of hypotheses for a quantitative research, in which 645 observations had been analyzed, correspondent to the cities of the state of São Paulo. The results suggest that the industrial clusters cities are those who present superior performance of exporting intensity and aggregation of value. These cities still present high levels of wealth for the townspeople, and the cities with industrial clusters, also have bigger longevity of the citizens. But any evidence of that cities with clusters are related to the biggest years of study was found. An interesting evidence is related to the environmental problems. The group of cities with clusters presented more related ambient alterations. Thus, a necessary revision of the model of competitive advantage in clusters is suggested in this work, contemplating the contemporary questions about environmental problems.