A região da Península Antártica (PA) é importante para a circulação oceânica e o equilíbrio da temperatura global, além de ser detentora de grandes reservatórios de água doce e reservas de hidrocarbonetos e de hidrato de gás. Organismos bentônicos desses locais, como os foraminíferos, respondem de forma rápida a variações ambientais e são bastante utilizados em estudos de monitoramento mais precisos. Neste trabalho foram analisadas associações de foraminíferos em relação a parâmetros granulométricos e geoquímicos (elementos maiores e traço) de regiões ricas em hidrato de gás, situadas na PA. Para tal objetivo foram analisados sedimentos superficiais e subsuperficiais de: 1) região costeira (profundidade < 11 m) da Ilha de Marambio (IM), Mar de Weddell e 2) Passagem de Drake (PD). Na PD foram coletados 5 testemunhos (8 cm de comprimento) a 480 m de profundidade (D1) e 2 testemunhos (20 cm de comprimento) de 3800 m de profundidade (D2). Os valores de densidade e diversidade de foraminíferos encontrados aqui raramente são descritos na literatura para a região antártica. Contatou-se que as associações de foraminíferos da região da PA são constituídas por diversas espécies monotalâmicas e aglutinantes. A análise de agrupamento evidenciou associações com diferentes atributos ecológicos. Nas biocenoses da IM observou-se predominância de foraminíferos monotalâmicos de carapaça orgânica ou predominantemente orgânica (Psammosphaga magnetica e allogromiídeos), que apresentaram alta densidade e diversidade em sedimentos lamosos, ricos em nutrientes e valores elevados de oxigênio dissolvido. Já as biocenoses da região D1 apresentaram dominância de foraminíferos calcários, em particular de Epistominella exigua, indicadora de ambiente rico em fitodetritos. Nas tanatocenoses foram observadas predomínio de espécies aglutinantes como Deuterammina grisea e Cribrostomoides jeffreysii, com valores de densidade e riqueza aumentando da base ao topo em todos os testemunhos. Nos testemunhos da área D2, tanto na bio quanto a tanatocenose houve dominância de espécies típicas de ambiente hipóxico e rico em matéria orgânica (e.g., Adercotryma glomeratum e Spiroplectammina biformis) e baixos valores de densidade e riqueza. A morfometria das carapaças da Passagem de Drake (D1 e D2) apontou aumento significativo de A. glomeratum com a profundidade, provavelmente relacionado a adaptações a regiões profundas e a estabilidade ambiental. A Análise de Componentes Principais revelou que oxigênio dissolvido do sedimento, granulometria, porcentagem de CaCO3, concentração de potássio (D1), bem como concentrações de elementos maiores e traços (D2) foram as principais variáveis que influenciaram a distribuição das espécies. Não foi possível identificar alterações nas associações e em relação aos padrões ecológicos, devido às emanações de hidrato de gás. Assim, ressalta-se a necessidade da realização de mais estudos, como análises morfológicas e químicas das carapaças dos foraminíferos, principalmente em espécies aglutinantes, ainda mais em regiões como a PA, reconhecidamente mais sensível as mudanças climáticas e de enorme importância para o equilíbrio do clima da Terra / The Antarctic Peninsula (PA) region is essential for ocean circulation and global temperature equilibrium, as well as having large freshwater reservoirs, hydrocarbon and gas hydrate reserves. Benthic organisms from these locations, such as foraminifera, respond rapidly to environmental variations and are widely used in more accurate monitoring studies. In this work, foraminifera associations were analyzed concerning granulometric and geochemical parameters (major and trace elements) of regions rich in gas hydrate, located at AP. For this purpose, surface and subsurface sediments were analyzed from 1) coastal region (depth <11 m) of Marambio Island (IM), Weddell Sea and 2) Drake Passage (PD). In PD five cores (8 cm long) were collected at 480 m depth (D1) and two cores (20 cm long) at 3800 m depth (D2). Foraminifera density and diversity values found here are rarely described in the literature for the Antarctic region. The results of foraminifera associations in the PA region are composed of several monothalamic and agglutinant species. Cluster analysis showed associations with different ecological attributes. In MI biocenosis there was a predominance of monothalamic foraminifera of organic or predominantly organic tests (Psammosphaga magnetica and allogromiidae), with high density and diversity in muddy sediments, rich in nutrients and high values of dissolved oxygen. On the other hand, the biocenosis of the D1 region was dominated with calcareous foraminifera, in particular, Epistominella exigua, indicating an environment rich in organic matter. In the thanatocoenosis, agglutinating species such as Deuterammina. grisea, and Cribrostomoides jeffreysii predominated, with density and richness increasing from bottom to top in all cores. In the D2 area, both in bio as well as in thanatocoenosis, there was a dominance of typical species of hypoxic environments and rich in organic matter (e.g., Adercotryma glomeratum and Spiroplectammina biformis), and low density and richness values. The morphometry from DP (D1 and D2) showed a significant increase in size of A. glomeratum with depth, probably related to deepsea adaptations and environmental stability. Principal Component Analysis revealed that dissolved oxygen in sediment, granulometry, CaCO3 percentage, potassium concentration (D1) as well as major and trace elements concentrations (D2) were the main variables that influenced species distribution. It was not possible to identify changes in organisms and the relation to ecological standards due to gas hydrate. Thus, further studies are necessary, such as morphological and chemical analysis of foraminifera tests, especially in agglutinating species, even more so in regions such as PA, which are known to be more sensitive to climate change and of great importance to the Earth\'s climate balance

The Sulaiy Formation, which is the oldest unit in the Lower Cretaceous succession, is conformably overlain by the Yamama Formation and it is a challenge to identify the precise age of the two formations using foraminifera and other microfossil assemblages. In the eastern side of Saudi Arabia, the Sulaiy Formation and the base of Yamama Formation are poorly studied. The main objectives of this study is to enhance the understanding of the Sulaiy Formation sequence stratigraphical correlation, regional lateral variations and palaeoenvironmental investigation. Lithological and semi-quantitative micropalaeontological analysis of 1277 thin sections taken from core samples from nine cored wells providing a geographically representative distribution from the Saudi Arabian Gulf. These cores intersected the base of the Yamama Formation and the Sulaiy Formation in the total thickness of cored wells of 843.23 meters (2766.5 feet). On the evidence provided by the foraminifera, the Sulaiy Formation is considered to represent the Berriasian to the lowermost Valanginian. The investigation of the micropalaeontology has provided considerable insights into the biocomponents of Sulaiy and the base of Yamama formations in order to identify their biofacies. These microfossils include rotalid foraminifera, miliolid foraminifera, agglutinated foraminifera, calcareous algae, calcispheres, stromatoporoids, sponge spicules, problematica (e.g. Lithocodium aggregatum), molluscs, corals, echinoderms and ostracods. Systematics of planktic and benthic foraminifera is accomplished using the foraminiferal classification by Loeblich and Tappan (1988) as the main source. The assemblage contains foraminifera that recorded for the first time in the Sulaiy Formation. Other microfossils were identified and recorded to help in the identification of the sedimentary environments. The investigation of the micropalaeontology and the lithofacies analysis have provided evidence the identification of the various lithofacies. About twenty four microfacies were identified on the basis of their bio−component and non-skeletal grains. The lithofacies and the bio−component results have provided the evidence of the sedimentary palaeoenvironmental model namely the Arabian Rimmed Carbonate Platform. This palaeoenvironmental depositional model is characterised by two different platform regimes. They are the Platform Interior and the Platform Exterior each of which have unique sedimentary lithofacies zones that produce different types of lithofacies. Each lithofacies is characterised by special depositional conditions and palaeobathymetry that interact with sea level changes and the accommodation space. The important palaeoenvironments are intertidal, restricted lagoon (subtidal), open marine, deeper open marine, inner shoal, shoal and platform margin. Generating, and testing, a depositional model as a part of formulating a sequence stratigraphical interpretation of a region is a key to understanding its geological development and – ultimately – reservoir potential. The micropalaeontology and sedimentology of the Sulaiy Formation in the subsurface have indicated a succession of clearly defined shallowing−upwards depositional cycles. These typically commence with a deep marine biofacies with wackestones and packstones, capped with a mudstone-wackestone maximum flooding zone and an upper unit of packstone to grainstones containing shallow marine biofacies. The upper part of the Sulaiy Formation is highstand-dominated with common grainstones that host the Lower Ratawi reservoir which is capped by karst that defines the sequence boundary. This karst is identified by its abundant moldic porosity that enhanced the the reservoir quality by increasing its porosities into greater values. Integration of the sedimentology and micropalaeontology has yielded a succession of shoaling−upwards depositional cycles, considered to be 4th order sequences, that are superimposed on a large scale 3rd order system tract shallowing−upwards, highstand-associated sequence of the Sulaiy Formation. The Lower Ratawi Reservoir is located within the latest high-stand portion of a third-order Sulaiy Formation sequence. The reservoir consists of a succession of several sequences, each of which is sub-divided into a lower transgressive systems tract separated from the upper highstand systems tract by a maximum flooding surface (MFS/Z). The last of these depositional cycles terminates in beds of porous and permeable ooid, or ooidal-peloidal, grainstone. The reservoir is sealed by the finer-grained sediments of the Yamama Formation.