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The coastal plain called Tihama forms the principal agricultural zone which makes Jizan one of the main agricultural regions in the Arabian Peninsula. The Saudi government has keenly appreciated this wealth of Jizan and explored developing its potential in the mid-1940's. However, the pace of agricultural development in Jizan has been very slow, and an actual decline has been registered in traditional agriculture. This stagnation is caused by constraints imposed by unfavorable "institutional arrangements," i.e., those incentives and disincentives which are the product of the political economy of the country. Problems facing agricultural development in Jizan are explained within the context of the country's institutional arrangements. The contribution of the spatial structure of Jizan and the lack of sufficient impact by the urban/industrial complex of this region are detailed as causes for this problem. To its credit, the Saudi government imposes neither taxes nor restrictive economic policies on agriculturalists. Moreover, general financial support for farmers and investment in public projects are benefiting the agricultural sector of Jizan. These factors led to the evolution of the modern tubewell farming system in Jizan which began in 1961/62. Existing incentives are overshadowed by disincentives which are hampering agricultural and general regional development in Jizan. Unfavorable farm policy, such as subsidization of foodstuff imports, and out-migration due to unequal regional growth in the country, accelerated a process of agricultural decline in Jizan. Until 1962 this decline was not arrested by government investment due to the lack of funding. Ironically, the rise in revenue from oil exports seems to have undermined the need for agricultural development in Jizan. Recent government efforts to develop the country's agricultural sector yielded a farm policy which is unfavorable to Jizan. Projects which are vital for this region's agriculture have been implemented only recently, or as in the case of many irrigation projects, have not yet been built. In the 1980's Jizan, which had 14% of the country's agricultural land, received only about 1% of the value of loans provided by the government to farmers. As a result, Jizan remains a region with substantial, but still unrealized potential.

This dissertation presents a case study of agricultural land use patterns and marketing aspects in the Taif region of Saudi Arabia. This area is one of importance to the overall agricultural future of Saudi Arabia, being a major producer of fruits, vegetables and dates in the Kingdom. In recent years, increases in personal income associated with oil production in the Kingdom have created significant changes in the types of crops grown as well as the way of life of the small farmer. These changes include the following: (1) Because better paying jobs and an enhanced lifestyle are luring farmers to the large urban areas, fewer workers are available for labor on the farms. (2) Large government subsidies have created a situation where the small farmer finds it no longer profitable to grow cereal crops as he traditionally did. (3) A lack of adequate refrigerated trucks and an increase in salinity in groundwater has caused farmers near the market centers of Makkah and Jeddah to cut fruit trees and replant with vegetables that can withstand more saline water and can be transported to the nearby markets more easily than those framers living in the farther areas of the region. What the author concludes is that increased attention to the problems of the small farmer in the region is necessary so that food supplies will be maintained to feed a growing population and so that self-sufficiency can be achieved. Additional support by the government in the way of subsidies and loans and more programs to educate farmers in marketing techniques and improved farm methods and management must be developed. And finally, the farmers should work together, sharing information and resources for the common good of all small farmers in the region.