Les akinètes sont des cellules de résistance produites par les cyanobactéries de l’ordre des Nostocales. Issues de la différenciation de cellules végétatives, les akinètes sont capables de persister en surface des sédiments pendant la période hivernale puis de germer au printemps pour recoloniser la colonne d’eau. Le suivi des populations pélagiques et benthiques effectué pendant deux années sur le lac d’Aydat a montré que les akinètes présents à la surface des sédiments sont représentatifs de la diversité et de l’abondance, des proliférations nostocaléennes passées. Leur capacité à persister dans les sédiments sur de longues échelles de temps a permis de mettre en évidence la présence de cyanobactéries il y a plusieurs milliers d’années. La présence récurrente d’akinètes dans les sédiments jusqu’à la période actuelle indique la persistance d’un niveau trophique élevé sur l’ensemble de l’histoire de ce lac. Parallèlement, le potentiel toxique des akinètes, étudié via la détection des gènes anaC et mcyA, a montré la co-occurrence de ces deux cyanotoxines dès les premiers blooms cyanobactériens, il y a plus de 6700 ans ainsi que la récurrence d’anaC, associé à Dolichospermum macrosporum, au moins sur les 30 dernières années. Par ailleurs, d’importantes différences de pourcentage d’intégrité des akinètes ont été observées en fonction des espèces, variant en moyenne de 5 à 60% pour les deux espèces dominantes, D. macrosporum et D. flos-aquae respectivement. Cette variabilité serait le reflet des interactions écologiques survenues dans la colonne d’eau et traduirait des stratégies écologiques différentes. De même, la capacité et le temps de germination semblent être espèce dépendante, ce qui permettrait un étalement de la période de recrutement en fonction des conditions environnementales. Malgré une perte globale de viabilité avec le temps, des akinètes enfouis depuis 1800 ans dans les sédiments ont révélé leur capacité à germer, confirmant l'importance de ces cellules de résistance dans la pérennisation à long terme des proliférations nostocaléennes. / Akinetes are resistant cells produced by cyanocteria of the Nostocales Order. Originating from the differentiation of vegetative cells, Akinetes are able to persist in surface sediment duringg winter and then germinate in spring to recolonize the water column. Monitoring on pelagic and benthic populations performed during two years in lake Aydat has shown that the akinetes present in surface sediments are representative of diversity and abundances of past nostocalean proliferations. Akinetes capacity to persist in sediment at large time scales has allowed to highlight cyanobacterial presence since several thousand years. Recurrences of akinetes in sediment from 6 700 years to present day presume that the trophic level stayed high through the history of this lake. In parallel, the toxic potential of akinetes, studied with the detection of anaC and mcyA genes, has shown the co-occurrence of anatoxin-a and microcystins the since first cyanobacterial blooms, 6 700 years ago and the recurrence of anaC associated to Dolichospermum macrosporum since at least the last 30 years. On the other hand, high differences of intact akinete percentages have been observed depending on the species, with mean values of 5 and 60 % for D. macrosporum and D. flos-aquae (the two dominant species) respectively. This varibiliy may be the reflect of ecologic interactions which occurred in the water column and may be due to different ecological strategies. Moreover, ability and time of germination seem to be dependent, which may allow to extend the window of recruitment depending on environmental conditions. Despite a high loss of viability over time, some akinetes buried since 1 800 years in sediments have shown their ability to germinate, confirming the importance of these resistant cells in the long scale perpetuation of nostocalean blooms.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1357885 bytes, checksum: 94cbad5284c486e24d0ad442975d1eda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In Nostoc isolates, the vegetative cells multiplication and differentiation of some of them in heterocyst is the life cycle phase in which biomass production occurs. In other phase, many environmental changes can trigger hormogonium differentiation, a transient and a non-growth state. The use of cyanobacteria strains in biotechnological processes have been studied for many years, however, the production of biomass is influenced, and can be limited, by the fact that the colonies growth intensify the selfshading. Consequently, changes in light intensity and quality received by cells can occur. The aims of this work were: 1) to characterize biomass and pigments production by Nostoc isolates in response to changes in light intensity; 2) to analyze the effect of pre-cultivation and exposure in different light intensities in the same parameters and in cellular differentiation processes; 3) and to relate, for isolate Nostoc CCLFM XXI, growth phases to predominant cellular differentiation processes. The greater biomass production was achieved at 20, 45 and 75 μmoles m-2 s-1, respectively in Nostoc CCLFM I, VIII and XXI. In Nostoc CCLFM I, only phycoerithrin content changed with light intensity, been maximum at 15 μmoles m-2 s-1, decreasing with increasing light intensities. Pigment contents, in Nostoc CCLFM VIII did not vary with light intensities. In Nostoc CCLFM XXI phycocyanin and alophycocyanin contents varied with light intensity, reaching a maximum at 45 μmoles m-2 s-1, been constant up to 105 μmoles m-2 s-1. Biomass pre-cultivated at 15 μmoles m-2 s-1, when exposed to lower light intensities led to an intense akinetes differentiation in Nostoc CCLFM VIII and XXI, fact that did not occur in Nostoc CCLFM I. When biomass pre-cultivated at 75 μmoles m-2 s-1 were exposed to lower light intensities, filaments with smaller cells than vegetative ones were observed, indicating probably, the occurrence of hormogonium differentiation in Nostoc CCLFM I and VIII. When cultivated at 15 μmoles m-2 s-1, Isolate XXI showed intense akinetes differentiation, and when cultivated at 60 μmoles m-2 s-1 it showed distinct cellular differentiation patterns in phases in which biomass production was not observed. Hormogonia were observed only in the early non-growth phase, while akinetes were observed in middle and late non-growth phases. Therefore, there is relation between light intensity and patterns of cellular differentiation. In lowest light intensities the akinetes differentiation predominates over other differentiation process. However, in higher intensity hormogonia and akinetes were observed, with hormogonia associated with the first non-growth phase and akinetes with middle and late nongrowth phase, indicating a sequence in which cellular differentiation occur, probably related with light energy available to photosynthesis. / Em isolados do gênero Nostoc, a multiplicação das células vegetativas e a diferenciação de algumas células em heterócitos em intervalos regulares é a etapa do ciclo de vida em que ocorre a produção de biomassa. Em outra etapa do ciclo de vida, vários fatores do ambiente podem induzir a diferenciação de hormogônios, filamentos nos quais não ocorre produção de biomassa. A aplicação biotecnológica de cianobactérias pode ser limitada pela intensificação do auto-sombreamento durante o crescimento destas em foto-biorreatores. Em conseqüência, pode ocorrer diminuição na intensidade e alteração da qualidade espectral da luz que atinge as células. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) caracterizar a produção de biomassa e de pigmentos por isolados do gênero Nostoc cultivados em diferentes intensidades luminosas; 2) analisar o efeito do pré-cultivo e subseqüente exposição a diferentes intensidades luminosas sobre os mesmos parâmetros e sobre os processos de diferenciação celular e 3) caracterizar durante o cultivo de Nostoc CCLFM XXI em duas intensidades luminosas, a relação das fases de crescimento com os processos de diferenciação celular predominantes. As maiores produções de biomassa foram obtidas a 20, 45 e 75 μmoles m-2 s-1, respectivamente em Nostoc CCLFM I, VIII e XXI. Em Nostoc CCLFM I, apenas a concentração de ficoeritrina variou com a intensidade luminosa, apresentando-se máxima a 15 μmoles m-2 s-1, e diminuindo com aumentos na intensidade luminosa. As concentrações de pigmentos em Nostoc CCLFM VIII não variaram com a intensidade luminosa. As concentrações de ficocianina e aloficocianina, em Nostoc CCLFM XXI, variaram com a intensidade luminosa, atingindo um máximo à 45 μmoles m-2 s-1, e mantendo-se constantes nas maiores intensidades. O pré-cultivo a 15 μmoles m-2 s-1 e exposição às baixas intensidades luminosas levou, em Nostoc CCLFM VIII e XXI a uma intensa diferenciação de acinetos, o que não ocorreu para Nostoc CCLFM I. Quando o pré-cultivo foi realizado a 75 μmoles m-2 s-1, observou-se, em Nostoc CCLFM I e VIII, filamentos com células menores que as células vegetativas, indicativo de diferenciação de hormogônios. Nostoc CCLFM XXI quando cultivado a 15 μmoles m-2 s-1 apresentou intenso padrão de diferenciação de acinetos, ao passo que o cultivo a 60 μmoles m-2 s-1 apresentou distintos padrões de diferenciação celular nas faixas de parada de produção de biomassa. Nas fases iniciais de cultivo houve predominância de hormogônios, e de acinetos nas fases intermediária e final da curva. Desta forma, há uma relação entre intensidade luminosa e diferenciação celular, sendo que as mais baixas levam à diferenciação de acineto. No entanto, em maiores intensidades, observase tanto diferenciação de hormogônios quanto de acinetos, sendo os primeiros observados na primeira parada de produção de biomassa e os acinetos nas faixas mais tardias de parada, indicando uma sequência na ocorrência destes processos relacionada à disponibilidade de energia luminosa adequada à fotossíntese.