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The neuropsychological effects of prenatal exposure to alcoholPhillips, Leilanie Cashandra 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this thesis is to review and synthesize the scientific literature on
cognitive and neuropsychological deficits associated with children who were
exposed to alcohol prenatally and to highlight possible areas of future attention.
High incidences of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome has been reported especially in
patients from low socio-economic areas. The highest reported incidence is found
in the Western Cape province in South Africa. The devastating part of FAS is that
its affects are entirely preventable. Alcohol is a physical and a behavioural
teratogen. Prenatal alcohol exposure causes structural damage to the central
nervous system and the brain that is vulnerable throughout the pregnancy. A
dose-response association exist as exposure to heavier amounts of alcohol can
cause more harm. The timing and pattern of alcohol consumption also plays a
role. To date though, no "safe" level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy
can be advocated.
Various neuropsychological decrements are found in individuals with fetal alcohol
syndrome or alcohol related neuro-developmental deficits as evaluated on
standardized tests. Mental retardation is commonly found and even individuals
with normal IQ's still display other learning disabilities. IQ's remain stable over
the life span. Along with impaired intellectual functioning they also struggle with
mathematical tasks especially as their complexity increases. Speech and language development is also delayed in individuals with FAS.
There is little variation in the pith and display poor language comprehension.
Attentional deficits are also noted and especially impact on academic functioning.
Clinically, children often present with ADHD but in-depth studies have revealed
that neurobiologically there is some differences as children with FAS struggle
more with encoding and shifting of attention as opposed to other patients with
ADHD.
Difficulties with visual-spatial functioning has also been found. Verbal learning
and memory are also impaired in individuals with FAS. Their poor verbal
learning are influenced by their shallow level of encoding. Problems with fine
motor skills are also noted.
It also appear that all executive functions are impaired. They demonstrate poor
planning skills, initiation, cognitive shifting, slow information processing, their
thinking is concrete and they have poor self-regulatory skills. Behavioural
problems include impulsivity, hyperactivity, aggressiveness, poor social skills and
impaired judgement.
Early intervention is thus essential to lessen the impact of neuro-psychological
deficits on functional adaptation. A sensitive battery of neuro-psychological tests
are also required to identify all the impairments in affected individuals and to plan
more focussed intervention strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word 'n oorsig aangebied van literatuur wat betrekking het op die
disfunksie van kinders wie se moeders tydens swangerskap alkohol misbruik het.
Leemtes asook moontlike areas van toekomstige navorsing, is bespreek.
'n Hoe voorkoms van fetale alkohol sindroom (FAS) word gerapporteer, pasiente
uit die lae SES gebiede. Die hoogste voorkoms word gerapporteer in die Wes-
Kaapse provinsie in Suid Afrika. Wat die probleem meer tragies maak, is die feit
dat dit heeltemal voorkombaar is. Alkohol is 'n teratogeen wat fisieke,
neurologiese en gedragsimplikasies het. Blootstelling aan alkohol voor geboorte
veroorsaak strukturele veranderinge in die sentrale senuweestelsel en die brein.
Blootstelling tot hoer volumes van alkohol veroorsaak noodwendig meer skade.
Die spesifieke stadium van alkohol-inname tydens die swangerskap, en die
moeder se drinkpatroon, speel 'n rol in die neurosielkundige uitkomste. Tot op
hede kon geen veilige alkoholsvlak tydens swangerskap vasgestel word nie.
Verskeie neurosielkundige uitvalle is gevind in kinders met FAS en ook kinders
met alkohol-verwante neurologies ontwikkelings probleme, volgens
neurosielkundige toetsing. Verstandelike gestremdheid kom algemeen voor in
kinders met FAS. Kinders met FAS wat oor normale intellektuele vernoens beskik
ervaar leerprobleme. Die intellektuele inkortings bly stabiel oor die lewenspan.
Kinders met FAS ondervind erge probleme met wiskunde, veral wanneer die
werk moeiliker raak. Die spraak-en taalontwikkeling wat kinders met FAS ervaar sluit in beperkte
taalbegrip en intonasie. Hulle kort aandagspan affekteer veral hulle akademiese
funksionering. Die aandagsteuring van kinders met FAS en kinders met
aandagstekort-hiperaktiwiteit versteuring verskil neuro-biologies. Verdere
verskille bestaan ook aangesien kinders met FAS spesifiek sukkel met swak
enkoderingsvermoe en om kognitiewe aanpassings te maak.
Visueel-ruimtelike verrnoe van kinders met FAS is ook benadeel. Hulle sukkel
ook met verbale leer en hulle geheue is ook ingekort. Die inkortings dui op 'n
oppervlakkige enkoderingsvermoe. Probleme met fyn-motoriese vaardighede is
ook gevind, volgens toetseing.
Toetse wat gemik is om uitvoerende funksies te evalueer, het verskeie uitvalle
aan die lig gebring. Probleme in abstrakte redenering, beplanning, impulsiwiteit,
self-regulering, en die lnlslerlnq en prosessering van informasie.
Gedragsprobleme soos swak sosialiseringsvaardighede, aggresiwiteit, swak
oordeel en hiperaktiwiteit.
Die wye neurosielkundige uitvalle wat voorkom in kinders met FAS noodsaak
vroee intervensie om die langtermyn-impak daarvan te verminder. Hiervoor word
'n sensitiewe battery neurosielkundige toetse benodig wat al die kognitiewe
uitvalle kan identifiseer.
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Alcohol consumption during pregnancy : how do we separate myth from reality? /Göransson, Mona, January 2004 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Is Ohio approaching healthy people 2010 objectives - a birth certificate data analysisSexson Tejtel, Sara Kristen 21 September 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Screening and alcohol brief interventions in antenatal care : a realistic evaluationDoi, Lawrence K. January 2012 (has links)
Background: Prenatal alcohol consumption is one of the leading preventable causes of birth defects, including fetal alcohol syndrome and learning disabilities. Although there is strong evidence of the benefits of screening and alcohol brief interventions (ABIs) in reducing hazardous and harmful drinking among the primary care population, evidence of its effectiveness with the antenatal care population is limited. Nevertheless, the Scottish Government is incorporating an alcohol screening and ABI programme as part of the routine antenatal care provided to women in a bid to protect the health and safety of the unborn child and improve subsequent health and developmental outcomes. This research therefore seeks to increase understanding of the factors that are likely to influence the effectiveness of this recently implemented programme. It also aims to explore the extent to which contemporary issues such as change in guidelines regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy influences perceptions and attitudes, and the possible implications of these on the screening and ABI delivery. Methods: The study described in this thesis employed a realistic evaluation methodology. Realistic evaluation is a theory-driven approach to investigating social programmes. It is concerned with hypothesising, testing and refining programme theories by exploring the interaction of contexts, mechanisms and outcomes. To identify the relevant screening and ABI programme theories, two separate systematic reviews, a critical review and four face-to-face interviews were undertaken with health policy implementers. The findings were used to construct context, mechanism and outcomes propositions. The propositions were then tested by conducting individual interviews with seventeen pregnant women and fifteen midwives, a further six midwifery team leaders were involved in a focus group discussion. A thematic approach using a hybrid of inductive and deductive coding and theme development informed the qualitative analysis. Results: In the context of uncertainties regarding the threshold of drinking that causes fetal harm, pregnant women reported that screening assessment helped them to reflect on their drinking behaviour and facilitate behaviour change. For women who drank at hazardous and harmful levels before attending the booking appointment, screening and ABI may be helpful in terms of eliciting behaviour change. However, they may not be very beneficial in terms of reducing harm to the fetus as it has been found that drinking during the first trimester poses the most risk to the fetus. Training and resources provided to midwives as part of the screening and ABI programme were found to be facilitating mechanisms that midwives indicated improved their skills and confidence. However, most of the midwives had not subsequently employed the motivational interviewing skills required for the ABI delivery, as many of the pregnant women reported that they reduced or abstained from alcohol consumption once pregnancy was confirmed. The outcome noted was that midwives confidence decreased leading to missed opportunities to appropriately deliver the ABI to eligible women. The small numbers of women being identified for ABI meant midwives rarely delivered the ABI. This negatively influenced midwives attitudes as they then accorded ABI low priority in their workload. Other disenabling mechanisms noted to be hampering the implementation of the screening and ABI initiative included midwives contending with competing priorities at the booking appointments, and the lack of adequate rapport between midwives and pregnant women at the booking appointment to discuss alcohol issues appropriately, leading to women providing socially desirable responses to screening questions. Conclusions: The findings of this study has generated greater explanations of the working of the screening and ABI programme in antenatal care setting and has provided transferable lessons that can be used by others intending to implement similar programmes in other settings.
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