My final thesis, based on study of primary and secondary sources, is focused on the idea of sovereign around 1300 AD. Old-Czech poem Alexandreida and German version Alexander of Ulrich von Etzenbach are used as primary repository of information. Thesis follows both of them and in their comparison shows, how the idea was formulated. Final thesis deals also with works of historians, literary historians and German studies related to its topic. The goal is not an linguistic analysis but to evaluate the poems as an historiographic source, on which we can study medieval notions of rulers and their role in society. Second main task for this final thesis is to reconstruct niveau of bohemian court surrounding King of Bohemia at the end of 13th century, where the poems were originally written. In the end, thesis describes so called "court culture" in the relation to both of Alexandrian poems and their influence in bohemia society.

In this thesis, medieval free translation is explored as a text-producing practice as it appears in Alexanders saga, a 13th century Old Norse translation of the medieval Latin epic Alexandreis. The practice is investigated through analyses of (1) the rendering of the source text and (2) the translator’s role in making the target text. The rendering is analyzed through a systematic comparison between source and target text using a method of analysis based on systemic functional linguistics (SFL). Contrary to what was assumed previously, the rendering pro­ves to be consistent in the text, but a surprising result is that the rendering in chapters 2–4 and in chapters 1 and 6–10 respectively represent two significantly dif­ferent patterns, the former being closer to the source text than the latter, pre­sumably due to two different translators. The investigation further confirms an observation in previous research on Old Norse free translation that the rendering of parts in direct speech are closer to the source than that of narrative and descriptive discourse. The rendering is closest where the translator indicates that he is quoting the author of the source text. These patterns are found in both groups of chapters, and as they are confirmed in other Old Norse translations, they might be interpreted as a translation norm. The conceptions of translation are further investigated by examining what kind of text-producing role the translator assumes. It is claimed that, despite the freedom in free ren­dering, the translator assumes the role of intermediary between the source text and the receivers of the target text rather than the role of independent text pro­ducer. From an analysis of the translator’s metatextual additions, it seems as though this is also what the translator assumes the receivers of the text expect him to do. The results indicate the presence of certain conceptions of how translation was to be carried out in West Nordic society. The ”free” translation strategies did not mean freedom from or obliviousness to translation norms, but rather re­late to a specific text-producing practice.