Investigando e teorizando sobre importantes questões geográficas, a geografia alemã, desde Humboldt, Ritter, Ratzel e outros, até chegar a Hettner, trouxe grandes contribuições para a história do pensamento geográfico. No presente estudo, o trabalho de Hettner é foco de nossa análise, particularmente no que consiste a contribuição metodológica deste autor. Investigando a conjuntura da História do Pensamento Geográfico da segunda metade do século XIX ao início do século XX, na Alemanha, bem como discutindo os principais conceitos geográficos trabalhados pelos alemães, este trabalho pretende contribuir para o entendimento do pensamento geográfico, sobretudo o de um autor pouco conhecido no Brasil como Alfred Hettner. Cremos que se destaca na proposta deste autor, a ausência de dicotomia na relação homem-natureza e na definição da geografia como ciência autônoma que teria como objeto de estudo, historicamente definido, o espaço terrestre. Inserida na classificação de Comte como ciência concreta, a geografia é, para Hettner, uma ciência corológica e sistemática que dirige sua atenção à ordenação das coisas no espaço. Seu pensamento difundiu-se não só pela Alemanha, mas também pela França e Estados Unidos, convertendo-se numa base teórica fundamental na história do pensamento geográfico, assimilada, posteriormente, por importantes autores, tais como Richard Hartshorne. / Since Humboldt, Ritter, Ratzel and others, until Hettner, German geography investigated and theorized important geographical issues and brought great contributions to the history of geographical thought. In this study, the work of Hettner is the focus of our analysis, particularly regarding to the methodological contributions of this author. We investigate the conjuncture of the History of Geographical Thought in the second half of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century in Germany and we also discuss the main geographical concepts developed by Germans. Aside, this work aims to contribute to the clarifying of the geographical thought, especially the thought of an author unknown in Brazil, as Alfred Hettner. We believe that what stands out in Hettners proposal is an absence of a dichotomy in the relationship between men and nature and the definition of geography as an autonomic science, which has land as its historically defined object of study. Inserted in the classification of Comte as concrete science, according to Hettner, geography is a chorological and systematical science, which directs our attention to things in space. His thought not only was spread out through Germany, but also through France and United States of America, and becoming a theoretical basis in the history of geographical thought, which was later on assimilated by important authors, such as Richard Hartshorne

Since the study on the Port Alfred/Kenton-on-Sea/Boknes linefishery by Hecht and Tilney (1989) there have been substantive changes to the linefish management environment in South Africa. Using the Port Alfred linefishery as a model, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the linefish management regulations that were implemented by Marine and Coastal Management (MCM) since 1992, and to assess the behaviour and 'status' of the fishery in response to these changes. Changes to both the licensing structure and catch regulations have had a significant effect on the functioning of many aspects of the Port Alfred linefishery (fishing effort, catch composition, cpue) as well as on the structure of the fishery and its socio-economic profile. Overall commercial cpue decreased from 1985 to 1998. Since 1998 there has been a significant increase in cpue (from 2.3 Kg.fisher⁻¹ hour⁻¹ to a peak of 4.8 Kg.fisher⁻¹.hour⁻¹ in 2005. This was attributed to good catches of geelbek, particularly in 2005, 2007 and 2008 (during these years geelbek contributed an average of 35% to the total landings in comparison to a mean contribution of II % between 1985 and 2004). However, size spectra analysis suggests that the increase in overall cpue since 1998 misrepresents the actual status of the fishery. If geelbek is excluded from the analysis on the grounds that it is the only species in the fishery that is highly migratory, susceptible to recruitment fluctuations and it does not contribute to the catches on a year round basis, then the results suggest that the fishery is still in a declining phase despite the 80% reduction in commercial effort and numerous stricter catch regulations (e.g. size/bag limits). Furthermore, the cpue of silver kob, which has been the "mainstay" species of the fishery, has consistently declined over the last 23 year period (from 1.69 Kg.fisher⁻1 .hour1 in 1986 to 0.86 Kg.fisher⁻1.hour⁻1in 2007). The substantial reduction in commercial effort in the fishery from 33 vessels in 2001 to 13 in 2002 resulted in a shift from commercial to recreational fishing. The number of active commercial vessels in Port Alfred alone decreased from 29 in 1989 (Hecht 1993) to four in 2008. During the same timeframe, the number of regularly active recreational vessels had almost doubled (16 in 1989 to 26 in 2008). Despite the greater number of recreational boats in the fishery they only landed approximately half the average yearly tonnage of the commercial vessels (21,5 and 44,7 tonnes,annum-I , respectively) between 2006 and 2008, This was ascribed to the differences in catch regulations for the two sectors, Furthermore, it was speculated that increasing operating costs and narrowing profit margins have contributed to lower levels of compliance in both the commercial and recreational sectors since 2006, For example, 16% of silver kob landed during 2006-08 were under the minimum size, Despite the changes made to the regulations since 1998 and the 60,6% reduction In legislated commercial effort in the fishery between 2001 and 2002 it was concluded that the fishery has continued to decline, Except for the good recruitment of geelbek (which may be due to regulatory changes made in 1992) the changes in the management environment have had no measurable positive effect on this fishery, It is recommended that commercial effort should not be allowed to increase beyond the current number of active boats, that there should be an area restriction on all commerciallinefish vessels, that the current recreational bag limit for silver kob should be re-assessed, there should also be a concerted and nationally funded effort to educate recreational anglers about the merits of catch and release, and the frequency of catch inspections of both sectors should be increased, / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

Ichthyoplankton dynamics in the permanently open Kowie Estuary, in the warm temperate region of South Africa was investigated. The composition, abundance, distribution and seasonality of larval fishes were studied over a two year period between 2004 and 2006. Additionally, tidal exchange of ichthyoplankton and the use of frontal zones in the mouth region of the estuary were also explored between 2008 and 2009. Temporal and spatial trends in occurrence of larval fishes within the estuary and associated marina were obtained from data collected seasonally using boat-based plankton netting at 14 sampling stations along the length of the estuary. A total of 11 128 larval fishes were collected, representing 23 families and 38 taxa. Clupeidae and Gobiidae were the dominant fish families, contributing 47.0 % and 24.7 % respectively to the total catch. Estuarine resident species dominated the overall catch (91 %). A notable absence of older stage larvae and early juveniles characterised the artificial channels of the marina and estuary mouth region. This was attributed to the absence of a shallow, marginal water habitat typical of successful estuarine nursery areas. Tidal exchange of larval fishes was investigated in the Kowie Estuary using a new technique. A set of drifting light traps were set repetitively on the ebb and flood tide every second night for two consecutive 14 day periods during the peak estuarine recruitment period. A total of 553 larval fishes were caught during the study, representing nine families and 26 species. Blenniidae and Clupeidae dominated the catches. Family and species occurrence changed with tide state. Species richness (d) and diversity (H’) varied with tide and was highest on flood tides. Estuary-dependent species, such as Omobranchus woodii were more dominant on flood tides, whilst larvae of marine-spawned species, such as Sardinops sagax, were dominant on the ebb tide. Light trap catches yielded a different composition in terms of development stage / size and species, when compared to towed net studies. Towed plankton nets were again used to study the shear fronts that characterise the mouth region of the canalised Kowie Estuary. It was hypothesised that the convergence zone of the front provides feeding opportunities for ichthyoplankton. Ichthyoplankton, zooplankton and phytoplankton was collected from within and immediately outside of the convergence zone during frontal conditions. Species specific distribution trends emerged from this study. Postflexion larvae and early juvenile stages of the estuary dependent Mugilidae were only present in the foam line of the convergence zones. Some known predators of ichthyoplankton were also present in slightly higher numbers in the convergence zone (isopods) while other predators such as mysid shrimps, chaetognaths and cnidarians were more abundant out of the convergence zone. It appears that these zones may provide access to temporary food patches in the lower estuary but will be accompanied by a trade-off with increased isopod predators. The Kowie Estuary is a heavily impacted system and lack of adequate freshwater supply; artificial channelling and pollution ultimately have a negative impact of the success of this system as a nursery area. Rehabilitation of marginal areas in the lower estuary and marina is suggested as remedial action to re-establish the integrity of the nursery function this system could offer.

Boethius, a late Roman philosopher, composed his last work, De Consolatione Philosophiae, while in prison. His final effort crowned a lifetime of philosophical achievement, and the work was influential throughout the Middle Ages. Frequently translated, the Consolation was one of the books which was chosen by Alfred, a ninth century Anglo-Saxon king, for use in the rebuilding of his kingdom after the Danish invasions. Although intended for an audience which was heavily influenced by a lively pagan tradition, the book was re-interpreted during the Carolingian period to conform to a strict Christian standard. Alfred's own interpretation is indicative of this amalgamation of ancient learning in the milieu of an emerging European culture, as well as his own pragmatic personality.

This thesis examines the work of the poet Alfred Lord Tennyson and the treatment of religion in his works during the increasingly scientific Victorian Era.

[pt] Esta dissertação busca elaborar uma noção de objetividade a partir do pensamento de Alfred North Whitehead e sua concepção de natureza. Rejeitando a concepção de matéria veiculada pelo que o filósofo chama de materialismo científico, ele transforma o que entendemos por natureza de modo a descrever uma realidade material inteiramente diversa daquela. Na natureza proposta por Whitehead, vemos aspectos geralmente considerados subjetivos, que se viam excluídos desse âmbito pensado enquanto mera matéria, voltarem a fazer parte dele. Recorrendo às obras O Conceito de Natureza (1920), A Ciência e o mundo moderno (1925), e Processo e Realidade (1929), chegamos ao entendimento de que, uma vez transformada, essa natureza proporciona um terreno fértil para a elaboração de uma nova concepção de objetividade. / [en] This dissertation aims to develop a notion of objectivity based on the thought of Alfred North Whitehead and his understanding of nature. While rejecting the concept of nature conveyed by what the philosopher calls scientific materialism, he transforms what we think of as nature so as to describe an entirely different material reality. In the nature proposed by Whitehead, we see aspects generally considered to be subjective, which were excluded from this realm while it was conceived as mere matter, return as a constitutive part of it. By resorting to his works The Concept of Nature (1920), Science and the Modern World (1925), and Process and Reality (1929), we arrive at the understanding that, once transformed, this new idea of nature provides a fertile ground for the development of a new concept of objectivity.

Alfred Lord Tennyson's The Princess: A Medley has posed interpretative difficulties for readers since its 1847 debut. Critics, editors, and artists contemporary with Tennyson as well as in this century have puzzled over the poem's stance on the issue of the so-called Woman Question. Treating Tennyson as the first reader of the poem yields an understanding of the title character, Princess Ida, as an ambassador of Tennyson's optimistic and evolutionary views of human development and links his work to that of visionary educators of nineteenth-century England. Later artists, however, produced adaptations of the poem that twisted its hopefulness into satirical commentary, reduced its complexities to ease the task of reading, and put it to work in various causes, many ranged against the improvement of women's condition. In particular, a series of editions carried The Princess into various nations, classrooms, and homes, promoting interpretations that often obscure Tennyson's cautious optimism.

Estuaries serve as nursery areas for a large number of estuary-associated fish species. Some of these taxa also use river catchments as nursery areas. During the upstream migration of this latter group, the juveniles are prone to predation by native and alien predatory fish inhabiting the system. The rate of invasion of ecosystems by alien organisms can be directly linked to anthropogenic influences, including both intentional and unintentional introductions by alien organisms into new regions. The largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, is a facultative piscivorous fish that has been successfully introduced worldwide for the main purpose of sport fishing. Where introduced, it has been found to negatively impact native fish and invertebrate species through predation, competitive exclusion and displacement of indigenous fish species. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the predatory impact of largemouth bass on the estuary-associated Cape moony Monodactylus falciformis, Cape stumpnose Rhabdosargus holubi and freshwater mullet Myxus capensis in the lower Kowie River of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A combination of approaches was employed during this study. Stomach contents, stable isotopes and fatty acid analyses were employed for the reconstruction of the diet of largemouth bass. Acoustic telemetry was used to elucidate largemouth bass movements, particularly their ability to enter the upper reaches of the Kowie Estuary. Stomach contents and stable isotopes analyses showed that M. salmoides exhibit an ontogenic shift in diet, with small and medium sized individuals consuming the higher proportion of fish prey, while large sized individuals mostly consumed invertebrates such as crabs (Potamonautes sidneyi) and Odonata larvae, while consuming only a small proportion of estuary-associated fish. Fatty acid analysis only showed a direct connection between the fatty acid profiles of largemouth bass and those of M. capensis and M. falciformis. The acoustic telemetry results indicated that some M. salmoides individuals periodically move into the upper reaches of the estuary following river flood events. The results obtained from all these approaches highlight the risk posed by largemouth bass introductions on indigenous fish species, particularly those that enter the areas occupied by these top predators.

Songs of Dusk and Renewal sets two poems from Alfred Edward Housman’s A Shropshire Lad (1896) for baritone voice and orchestra, with the intent to demonstrate the timeless significance of the text. Housman’s collection, largely explored by English composers in the first half of the twentieth century, remains a valid source for composers, yet the writings are seldom observed in recent music. In the present work, poems IV (“Reveille”) and XLVI (“Bring, in this timeless grave to throw”) are reconciled musically through deep constructs and surface attraction, while being informed by critical and historical perspectives. / text

Comment un poète illustre de son vivant, un dramaturge non joué jusqu'en 1847, sifflé à l'Odéon, est-il devenu l'un des auteurs de théâtre les plus représentés au XXe siècle, en même temps qu'un poète dédaigné, tout au moins tombé en désuétude ? Parfois qualifiés d'illisibles, ses vers sont aujourd'hui souvent considérés comme les manifestations littéraires anecdotiques d'un éternel enfant, tout justes bonnes à émoustiller les jeunes filles. On ne s'intéresse guère de nos jours qu'à sa dramaturgie, avec "Lorenzacio" en point de mire ou encore aux approches biographiques d'un poète perçu comme parangon de l'enfant du Siècle. Peu de publications s'attachent à envisager les diverses manifestations de son mal-être dans l'écriture poétique, théâtrale et au coeur de sa prose. Mais au-delà des querelles et des partis pris littéraires, des jugements passionnés, une caractéristique demeure : la dualité de son expérience amoureuse. L'amour, point de jonction entre le poète et l'homme, résonne à la fois comme une sublimation des atermoiements de l'existence par la sacralisation de l'écriture et comme une composante radicale du mal du siècle. Cette disponibilité originelle semble chez Musset présider à l'état amoureux comme à l'acte créateur, qui s'unissent pour bâtir un étrange monument littéraire, à une époque où le romantisme tend à délaisser le voile de l'idéalisme pour s'adonner à "la curiosité du mal" que consacrera Baudelaire. Entre le châtiment de la femme et sa sublimation esthétique, au-delà de l'expérience par-delà Bien et Mal du divin et de la mort, Musset rêve d'une épuration dans la souffrance qui fondera l'une des plus douces, certains diront surannées, poétiques du coeur au sein du panthéon français. La psyché de l'homme moderne, deux siècles plus tard, dans ses interrogations sur le monde et la place qui est la sienne, son rapport au divin et à l'Autre, la dialectique de l'individuel et de l'universel, dans son indéracinable idéalisme, se fait l'écho des tourments de "l'Enfant du Siècle" et de sa quête d'un antidestin dans l'écriture...