by Li Yung Yung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-121). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH VERSION) --- p.ii / ABSTRACT (CHINESE VERSION) --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xiii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Seaweed --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Classification and Use of Seaweed --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Phycocolloids --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Hong Kong Seaweed --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Sargassum Species --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Padina Species --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Source and Production of Alginate --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Function of Alginate in Seaweed --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Chemical Structure of Alginate --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Alginate Production --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Isolation of Alginate --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Commercial Methods --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Application of Alginate --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Industrial Application --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Pharmaceutical Application --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Food Application --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Uses of Alginate in Food --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Safety --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- Structure and Function Relationship of Alginate --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Physico-Chemical Properties --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- M/G ratio --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Solution Properties --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Viscosity --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.1.4 --- Molecular Weight --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Functional Properties --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Emulsion --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Gel Properties --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.2.3 --- Mechanism of Gelation --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.2.4 --- Gel Strength and Syneresis --- p.30 / Chapter 1.5 --- Physiological Effects --- p.32 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Dietary Fibre --- p.32 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Minerals --- p.32 / Chapter 1.6 --- Significance of the Present Study --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- Seaweed Collection --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2 --- Sample Preparation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3 --- Alginate Extraction --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Method A --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Method B --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Commercial Alginate --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4 --- Chemical Composition of Alginate --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Alginate Content --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Moisture Content --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Crude Protein Content --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Ash Content --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Monosaccharide Composition --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.5.1 --- Acid Deploymerisation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.5.2 --- Neutral and Amino Sugar Derivatization --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.5.3 --- Determination of Neutral Sugars by Gas Chromatography --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.5.4 --- Uronic Acid Content --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Uronic Acid Block Composition --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.6.1 --- "MG, MM and GG Block Determination" --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.6.2 --- M/G Ratio Determination --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.6.3 --- Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5 --- Physico-Chemical Properties of Alginate --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Viscosity --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Ostwald Viscometer --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Brookfield Viscometer --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Molecular Weight --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- From Intrinsic Viscosity --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Gel Permeation Chromatography-Laser Light Scattering (GPC-LLS) --- p.48 / Chapter 2.6 --- Functional Properties of Alginate --- p.49 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Emulsifying Activity (EA) and Emulsion Stability (ES) --- p.49 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Gel Formation --- p.49 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Gel Strength and Syneresis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Application in Food ´ؤ Fruit Jelly --- p.52 / Chapter 2.7 --- Data Analysis --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION / Chapter 3.1 --- Proximate Composition of Selected Seaweed --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Moisture Content --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Ash Content --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Crude Protein Content --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Carbohydrate Content --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2 --- Chemical Composition of Alginate Extracted from Two Different Methods --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Percentage Yield --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Alginate Content --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Moisture Content --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Ash Content --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Residual Protein Content --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Monosaccharide Composition of Alginate --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- M/G Ratio --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Summary --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3 --- Comparative Studies of Physico-Chemical Composition of Alginate from Sargassum and Padina Species --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Block Composition and M/G Ratio --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Viscosity --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Intrinsic Viscosity ´ؤ Capillary Viscometer --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Solution Viscosity - Brookfield Viscometer --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.1 --- Effect of Temperature --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.2 --- Effect of Concentration --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.3 --- Shear Thinning and Time Independent Effect --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Molecular Weight --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- From Intrinsic Viscosity --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Gel Permeation Chromatograph-Laser Light Scattering (GPC-LLS) --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4 --- Comparative Studies of the Functional Properties of Extracted Alginate with Commercial Alginate --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Emulsifying Activity (EA) and Emulsifying Stability (ES) --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Gelling Properties --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Effect of Calcium Concentrations --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Gel Strength and Syneresis --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Application in Food --- p.99 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.103 / REFERENCES --- p.105 / RELATED PUBLICATION --- p.120