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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Balanço de carboidratos e nitrogênio na planta : efeito de carga de frutos e sua relação com o desenvolvimento reprodutivo em laranjeira 'Valência¿ / Carbohydrate and nitrogen balance in plant : effects of fruit load and their relationship with reproductive development of sweet orange 'Valencia¿

Dovis, Verónica Lorena, 1976- 21 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Eduardo Caruso Machado / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:39:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dovis_VeronicaLorena_D.pdf: 1810872 bytes, checksum: 889e3b63cede2d73563ccbfb91cdd3e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As hipóteses deste estudo foram: a presença de frutos nas variedades de laranja tardia e as variações sazonais no ambiente afetam o desenvolvimento reprodutivo, o metabolismo de carbono e nitrogênio e o acúmulo e remobilização de reservas nos órgãos da planta; cada estádio fenológico tem necessidades nutritivas específicas, que afetariam a assimilação de CO2 e o metabolismo de carboidratos e nitrogênio. Estas hipóteses foram testadas em plantas que sofreram ou não desbaste total de frutos com o intuito de induzir variações na demanda de assimilados. O experimento foi executado em Cordeirópolis (SP) em plantas de laranjeira "Valência? de 2,5 anos de idade, crescidas em vasos de 100 L. Em maio de 2009, a metade das plantas foi completamente desbastada de frutos. A partir de julho e ao longo do ciclo produtivo avaliaram-se a dinâmica de assimilação de CO2, carboidratos e compostos nitrogenados, e a atividade de enzimas da assimilação de nitrogênio. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado com três ou quatro repetições, segundo o parâmetro avaliado, o tratamento estatístico dos dados foi como parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Em relação à primavera a fotossíntese é reduzida no inverno e no verão, como consequência da ocorrência de temperaturas mais baixas e mais altas, respectivamente. Porém, a condição fisiológica da planta também afeta a assimilação de CO2, a qual é incrementada pela alta demanda de carboidratos antes e durante a floração, mesmo sob baixa temperatura. A presença de frutos inibe parcialmente a brotação e floração visto que plantas desbastadas têm sete vezes mais flores; fixam 31% mais frutos e eles são 6% maiores. A floração é o processo de maior consumo de assimilados, e quanto mais intensa, maior o consumo de amido. Floração e frutificação são os únicos estádios nos quais se observaram diferenças entre os tratamentos; plantas com maior quantidade de flores têm maior consumo de assimilados. O amido continua a ser consumido até o fim da queda fisiológica dos frutos no verão, quando atinge o teor mínimo. Ramos e raízes maiores que 1 mm de diâmetro aportam amido durante o desenvolvimento das brotações e dos frutos. Entre o desbaste e a frutificação há aumento no teor de nitrogênio total nas folhas do último fluxo, ramos e raízes, ainda com baixa temperatura, resultado da maior demanda. O aumento no metabolismo induz maior síntese de proteína nas folhas e raízes menores que 1 mm de diâmetro. A enzima redutase do nitrato (RN) tem a menor atividade quando comparada com o sistema glutamina sintetase/glutamato sintase, sugerindo ser a que limita a taxa de assimilação de NO3-. Nas folhas a atividade in vitro da RN incrementa até a frutificação, e segue o padrão de variação sazonal observado na fotossíntese; nas raízes sua atividade é constante ao longo do ano / Abstract: The hypotheses of the study are that seasonal variations in environmental conditions affect the assimilation rate of resources while there is accumulation and remobilization of reserves in all the organs of plant to attend variations in nutrients demand. Each phenological stage has different needs, which would affect CO2 assimilation rate and metabolism of carbohydrates and nitrogen. To analyzer these hypotheses the objective was to evaluate the photosynthesis, flowering and fruit production, accumulation and remobilization of carbohydrates during of production cycle, in plants with and without fruit. Also it was objective to evaluate the annual dynamics of nitrogenous compounds and activity of enzymes of nitrogen assimilation. The study was conducted in Cordeirópolis (SP) in plants 'Valencia' orange of 2.5 years old, grown in pots of 100 L. In may 2009, at the start of the trial, half of plants was completely defruit, and starting from july and throughout the production cycle were evaluated photosynthesis, budding, flowering and fruit production, status of reserves of sugars, nitrogen compounds and enzymatic activities. The experimental design was completely randomized with three or four replications, with three or four repetitions, depending on the variable assessed, with split plots in time. It is observed that photosynthesis decreased in winter and summer, consequence of low and high temperature and radiation, respectively. However, the physiological condition of plant also affects the uptake, inducing an increase in photosynthesis prior to flowering, even at low temperatures. The largest demand of plants with fruits results in an increase on efficiency of energy use which comes of the assimilation and reserves. The presence of fruits partially inhibits the sprouting and blooming, even with high leaves starch content, defruited plants have seven times more flowers, fruit set is 31% higher and they are 6% greater. The flowering has the greater consumption of all phenological stages, when it is more intense, largest starch consumption. The flowering and fruiting are the only stages with differences between the treatments; plants with the more fruits and demand have more assimilates consumption. Starch is consumed until the end of june drop, in summer, when it reaches minimum content. Starch for development of flowers and fruits can be contributed by younger shoots, shoots older than one year and roots larger than 1 mm across. From the defruited plants until fruiting the total nitrogen content increases in mature leaves, shoots and roots, even at low temperatures, as result of the higher demand. Soluble protein is accumulated in mature leaves and roots smaller than 1 mm across as a result of increased metabolism. The nitrate reductase enzyme has the lowest activity when compared with the system glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, which would indicate that nitrate reductase activity controls the assimilation rate of NO3-. Nitrate reductase in vitro activity in leaves is increased until fruiting, and has seasonal variations similar like was observed in photosynthesis. Nitrate reductase in vitro activity in roots is constitutive throughout the year / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
2

Study of the Fruit Inhibitory Mechanism on Citrus flowering. Nutritional, Hormonal and Genetic Factors

Marzal Blay, Andrés 22 February 2025 (has links)
[ES] En los cítricos, la baja temperatura promueve la inducción floral en otoño-invierno aumentando la expresión del gen promotor CiFT3 (homólogo en los cítricos del gen FLOWERING LOCUS T). La presencia de un gran número de frutos en el árbol durante ese momento inhibe la expresión de CiFT3 y la floración, pero se desconoce la señal inhibitoria que genera el fruto. Las hipótesis mayormente aceptadas proponen que la señal puede ser hormonal o nutricional. En el primer caso, el efecto inhibidor se atribuye a las hormonas que el fruto produce y exporta durante su desarrollo. En el segundo caso, el efecto inhibidor se atribuye a la alta demanda y consumo de carbohidratos por los frutos en desarrollo. Ambas hipótesis son complementarias y no excluyentes entre sí. Además, se ha demostrado que el fruto promueve la activación epigenética del represor de la floración CcMADS19 (homólogo en los cítricos del gen FLOWERING LOCUS C), que inhibe la expresión del gen CiFT3. Con el objetivo de determinar qué señal produce el fruto para inhibir la floración, en esta Tesis se propone la siguiente hipótesis: El fruto inhibe la floración a través de la síntesis y exportación de auxinas que activa la síntesis de giberelinas y, a su vez, la expresión de CcMADS19. Mediante experimentos con tratamientos exógenos de auxinas, giberelinas, y sus antagonistas, aclareo de frutos, y la interrupción del transporte por el floema entre el fruto y las yemas, los resultados indican que ni las giberelinas ni las auxinas se relacionan de forma consistente con la activación de la expresión de CcMADS19 en las hojas. En las yemas, las giberelinas se relacionan con la activación del gen inhibidor CENTRORRADIALIS (CEN), cuando hay fruto por aumento de la síntesis de GA4, y cuando no hay fruto por su aplicación exógena. La presencia del fruto aumenta la concentración de auxinas en el tallo y la yema en el momento de la inducción, y reprime su síntesis y trasporte. Pero esto no impide que, en la yema, el gen CcMADS19 esté epigenéticamente silenciado y que el silenciamiento se transmita a los nuevos brotes vegetativos. Estos brotes florecen en el siguiente ciclo, y, en sus yemas, la diferenciación floral se relaciona con un aumento de la síntesis y trasporte de auxinas y una reducción de la síntesis de giberelinas. / [CA] Als cítrics, les baixes temperatures promouen la inducció floral a la tardor i l'hivern augmentant l'expressió del gen promotor CiFT3 (homòleg en els cítrics del gen FLOWERING LOCUS T). La presència d'un gran nombre de fruita a l'arbre en aquest moment inhibeix l'expressió de CiFT3 i la floració, però es desconeix la senyal inhibidora que genera la fruita. Les hipòtesis majoritàriament acceptades proposen que la senyal pot ser hormonal o nutricional. En el primer cas, l'efecte inhibidor s'atribueix a les hormones que la fruita produeix i exporta durant el seu desenvolupament. En el segon cas, l'efecte inhibidor s'atribueix a la alta demanda i consum de carbohidrats per part de la fruita en desenvolupament. Ambdues hipòtesis són complementàries i no es descarten mútuament. A més, s'ha demostrat que la fruita promou l'activació epigenètica del repressor de la floració CcMADS19 (homòleg en els cítrics del gen FLOWERING LOCUS C), que inhibeix l'expressió del gen CiFT3. Amb l'objectiu de determinar quina senyal produeix la fruita per inhibir la floració, en aquesta Tesi es proposa la següent hipòtesi: La fruita inhibeix la floració mitjançant la síntesi i exportació d'auxines que activa la síntesi de giberelines i, al seu torn, l'expressió de CcMADS19. Mitjançant experiments amb tractaments exògens d'auxines, giberelines i els seus antagonistes, aclarida de fruita i la interrupció del transport pel floema entre la fruita i les brots, els resultats indiquen que ni les giberelines ni les auxines es relacionen de manera consistent amb l'activació de l'expressió de CcMADS19 a les fulles. A les gemmes, les giberelines es relacionen amb l'activació del gen inhibidor CENTRORRADIALIS (CEN) quan hi ha fruita per l'augment de la síntesi de GA4 i quan no hi ha fruita per la seua aplicació exògena. La presència de la fruita augmenta la concentració d'auxines a la tija i la gemma en el moment de la inducció i reprimeix la seua síntesi i transport. Però això no impedeix que, a la gemma, el gen CcMADS19 estigui epigenèticament silenciat i que el silenciament es transmeti als nous brots vegetatius. Aquests brots floreixen al següent cicle i, a les seues gemmes, la diferenciació floral es relaciona amb un augment de la síntesi i transport d'auxines i una reducció de la síntesi de giberelines. / [EN] In citrus, low temperature promotes flower induction in autumn-winter by increasing the expression of the CiFT3 promoter gene (citrus homologue of the FLOWERING LOCUS T gene). The presence of large numbers of fruits on the tree at this time inhibits CiFT3 expression and flowering, but the inhibitory signal produced by the fruits is unknown. The most widely accepted hypotheses are that the signal is hormonal or nutritional. In the first case, the inhibitory effect is attributed to hormones produced and exported by the fruit during development. In the second case, the inhibitory effect is attributed to the high demand and consumption of carbohydrates by the developing fruit. The two hypotheses are complementary and not mutually exclusive. In addition, it has been shown that the fruit promotes the epigenetic activation of the flowering repressor CcMADS19 (citrus homolog of the FLOWERING LOCUS C gene), which inhibits the expression of the CiFT3 gene. To determine which signal is produced by the fruit to inhibit flowering, the following hypothesis is proposed in this thesis: The fruit inhibits flowering through the synthesis and export of auxins, which activates the synthesis of gibberellins and, in turn, the expression of CcMADS19. Experiments with exogenous treatments of auxins, gibberellins and their antagonists, fruit thinning, and disruption of phloem transport between fruit and buds indicate that neither gibberellins nor auxins are consistently associated with the activation of CcMADS19 expression in leaves. In buds, gibberellins are associated with the activation of the flowering inhibitor CENTRORADIALIS (CEN), in the presence of fruit by increasing GA4 synthesis, and in the absence of fruit by its exogenous application. The presence of fruit increases the concentration of auxin in the stem and bud at the time of induction and suppresses its synthesis and transport. However, this does not prevent the epigenetic silencing of the CcMADS19 gene in the bud, which is transmitted to the leaves of the new vegetative shoots. These shoots flower in the following cycle, where floral differentiation is associated with an increase in auxin synthesis and transport and a decrease in gibberellin synthesis in the bud. / Marzal Blay, A. (2024). Study of the Fruit Inhibitory Mechanism on Citrus flowering. Nutritional, Hormonal and Genetic Factors [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203155

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