abstract: Objective: It’s not well understood how youth perceive existing fruit and vegetable (FV) marketing materials available in schools. This ancillary study sought to assess the acceptability of FV marketing materials freely available to schools among adolescents in grades 6-12. Methods: Middle and high school adolescents (n=40; 50% female; 52.5% Hispanic) in the Phoenix, AZ area were asked to rank marketing materials (n=35) from favorite to least favorite in four categories: table tents, medium posters, large posters and announcements. Favorites were determined by showing participants two items at a time and having them choose which they preferred; items were displayed to each adolescent in a random order. Adolescents participated in a 20-30 minute interview on their favorite items in each category based on acceptance/attractiveness, comprehension, relevance, motivation and uniqueness of the materials. A content analysis was performed on top rated marketing materials. Top rated marketing materials were determined by the number of times the advertisement was ranked first in its category. Results: An analysis of the design features of the items indicated that most participants (84%) preferred marketing materials with more than 4 color groups. Participant preference of advertisement length and word count was varied. A total of 5 themes and 20 subthemes emerged when participants discussed their favorite FV advertisements. Themes included: likes (e.g., colors, length, FV shown), dislikes (e.g., length, FV shown), health information (e.g., vitamin shown), comprehension (e.g., doesn’t recognize FV), and social aspects (e.g., peer opinion). Peer opinion often influenced participant opinion on marketing materials. Participants often said peers wouldn’t like the advertisements shown: “…kids my age think that vegetables are not good, and they like food more than vegetables.” Fruits and vegetable pictured as well as the information in the marketing materials also influenced adolescent preference. Conclusion: Students preferred advertisements with more color and strong visual aspects. Word count had minimal influence on their opinions of the marketing materials, while information mentioned and peer opinion did have a positive effect. Further research needs to be done to determine if there is a link between adolescent preferences on FV marketing materials and FV consumption habits. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2019

Three non-gadoid fish species, trout (Cynoscion regalis), English sole (Paraophyrys vetulus) and Pacific red snapper (Scomber i~onicus) have been tested for the recovery of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), and formaldehyde (FA) during postmortem storage at 4°C and -S°C. TMAO, TMA, and DMA content was determined by measuring them as the salt derivative of picric acid. FA was determined by using the 3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazolinone hydrazone test. In muscle tissue of red snapper and English sole, it was clear that initially TMAO decreased during storage at 4°C, while the amounts of TMA, DMA, and FA increased. When these species were stored at -S°C, only a slight decrease . in the amount of TMAO was measured. Less TMA was formed at -S°C than at 4°C. There was no DMA production in these two species at -S°C and the amount of FA that was formed was significantly less (p < 0.05) than that formed when the storage temperature was 4°C. In the muscle tissue of the trout, no TMAO, TMA, nor DMA was recovered at both storage temperatures. There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the amounts of FA recovered from the trout stored at both storage temperatures. The amount of FA recovered from all of the species decreased significantly after 7 days at 4°C and 50 days at -5°C. FA values may be used as an indication of freshness in those fish species which do not produce TMA during storage. TMA was not produced in the tissue of the English sole and the red snapper during frozen storage. No TMA was recovered from the tissues of the trout stored at 4°C and -5°C. In order to obtain reliable data, FA values would have to be determined for each species and each storage condition. FA values would only be reliable if measured before incipient spoilage takes place (7 days at 4°C and 50 days at -5°C). When TMA is produced in fish tissue, the measurement of it combined with organoleptic evaluation would be a more useful tool than FA value in evaluating fresh saltwater fish, both gadoid and non-gadoid species, during refrigerated storage.

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