No description available.

An anaesthetic simulator program that runs on an IBM personal computer system has been developed. The program allows an operator to observe the uptake and distribution of the volatile anaesthetic agent halothane by a standard 75kg patient. The "patient's" breathing is assisted by a ventilator and the anaesthetic gas is supplied through a simulated circle breathing circuit. The most important component of a simulator is a mathematical model of the system being simulated. In this case a model of the uptake and distribution of the anaesthetic agent halothane by the human cardiovascular and respiratory systems was required. Such a model was developed by combining features of several existing non-linear multi-compartmental models and adapting the equations to allow them to be implemented on a digital computer. The simulator software that was developed allows an operator to adjust physical parameters such as fresh gas flow rate, halothane concentration, and breathing parameters from the keyboard of an IBM PC computer and observe the way various model parameters respond on a graphics screen. The speed of the simulation is adjustable. i.e., the state of the model can be repetitively calculated and displayed at 1, 10, or 60 second intervals. Model parameters can be displayed in bar graph or line-graph form and may also be dumped to a text file for use by other plotting programs. The software package developed should provide a useful teaching aid to understand the distribution of patient.

Dose-related adverse cardiopulmonary events associated with conventional intravenous sedation accounted for most of the complications during colonoscopy. This thesis described clinical trials to look for a safer sedative method (patient-controlled sedation, PCS) and possible ways to reduce the need of sedative medications during colonoscopy. / One hundred elderly patients (over 65 years old) were randomised to receive either PCS (a combination of propofol and alfentanil) or conventional intravenous sedation (a combination of diazemuls and pethidine) during colonoscopy. The patients in the PCS group experienced significant less adverse cardiopulmonary events. Other parameters, however, were similar in both groups. The use of PCS for colonoscopy thus appeared safer when compared to conventional intravenous sedation. In a subsequent large scale prospective study (N=500), twenty-two percent of the patients were unwilling to use PCS for colonoscopy; and that the younger patient (<50 years old), female gender, a higher mean dose of sedatives consumed, a lower satisfaction score expressed, and the presence of delayed side effects were independent factors identified to predict the unwillingness of using PCS for colonoscopy. / The use of adjunct sedation such as audiovisual distraction was proposed as a way to reduce sedative requirements during colonoscopy. By using PCS as a quantitative outcome measure, audio distraction (in the form of music) was found to be able to decrease sedative requirements by 28%. The use of visual distraction alone, however, failed to decrease the sedative requirements; but nonetheless improved the acceptance of colonoscopy. Finally, a randomised comparison on the use of conventional endoscopes with that of the newly available variable stiffness endoscope used for colonoscopy was performed; and found that the latter was associated with less procedure-related pain and hence the consumption of sedative medications. / To conclude, PCS for colonoscopy was safe, feasible and acceptable. The use of adjunct sedation (audio distraction) and the newly available variable stiffness endoscope might decrease the need of sedative medications during the procedure. / Lee Wai Hung, Danny. / "September 2005." / Adviser: S. C. S. Chung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: B, page: 3694. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 256-280). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / School code: 1307.

Thesis (M.D.S.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-197). Also available in print.

There are approximately forty two million donkeys in the world. All developing countries have an expanding population of donkeys, which are used for the provision of various services. The most commonly performed procedures in donkeys are castrations, tumour removals, foot care and dental treatments. All of these procedures can be performed in standing donkeys provided sufficient analgesia and sedation are provided. The donkey should be recognised and treated in its own light. Very few analgesics relieve pain without producing side effects. The ideal analgesic would provide good analgesia and sedation without any side effects. Combined with sedation, analgesia aids in the handling of animals and reduces the danger to attendants. Neuroleptanalgesia provides a more potent sedative and analgesic allowing more procedures to be performed. A marked synergistic effect between opioids and alpha2 adrenergic agonists is reported. Detomidine-butorphanol is used extensively for equine sedation and analgesia in the United States of America and Europe. Currently there is limited information available on effective sedative and analgesic drugs or drug combinations in donkeys. Detomidine and xylazine, which belong to the alpha2 adrenergic agonist group, have been described for use in donkeys. No information exists on the use of opioid drugs or opioid-sedative combinations in donkeys. Detomidine produces sedation and analgesia of a greater magnitude and a longer duration than xylazine. Detomidine has been used to sedate horses for diagnostic, therapeutic or minor surgical procedures and as part of a premedication or an intravenous anaesthetic protocol. Detomidine is a good analgesic. The duration of sedation and analgesia is dose dependent. The sedation produced by detomidine alone is not always satisfactory and some horses will respond to noxious stimuli with well-directed kicks. For this reason, detomidine and butorphanol are very often combined. Butorphanol is a synthetic mixed agonist-antagonist opioid. The detomidine is given five minutes before the administration of butorphanol or the butorphanol can follow the detomidine. Sedation is easily extended by additional doses of detomidine and/or butorphanol. This combination produces profound sedation in which horses are apparently unaffected by sounds, tactile stimuli and surrounding activity. It has been suggested that donkeys require a higher dose of detomidine for sedation than horses. The recommended dose for donkeys is 20-40 µg/kg. The degree and length of analgesia and sedation is dose dependent. A dose of 5-10 µg /kg was found effective for sedation and a dose of 20 µg /kg was effective for sedation and analgesia. No recommended doses for butorphanol in donkeys exist. Twelve healthy male donkeys were randomly divided into two groups. One group received 10 µg/kg of detomidine while the other group received 10 µg /kg of detomidine and 25 µg /kg of butorphanol. Sedation was evaluated by a scoring system and characterised by lowering of the head, relaxation of the upper eyelids, drooping of the lower lip and dropping of the ears. Analgesia was evaluated by means of a pinprick method. The average dose for detomidine was 11.24 µg/kg and that of butorphanol was 28.0 µg/kg. The onset time to sedation was 4 minutes 21 seconds with detomidine alone and 3 minutes 28 seconds with the combination. The average length of sedation for the detomidine group was 20 minutes, and for the detomidine-butorphanol group was 1 hour and 7 minutes. The analgesia lasted twice as long in combination group compared to the detomidine group. Detomidine did not eliminate coronary band pain. Heart rates dropped significantly in the first minute after the injection in both groups, and this was statistically significant. There was however no statistical difference between the two groups. An atrioventricular and a sinoatrial block were recorded during this trial. The respiratory rates tended to decrease in the first few minutes after which the rate stabilised. Four donkeys receiving butorphanol had Cheyne-Stokes respiratory patterns. It was evident that the combination of detomidine and butorphanol produced a greater sedative and analgesic effect than detomidine alone. The superior sedation is the result of synergistic effects between detomidine and butorphanol. This trial has shown that detomidine in combination with butorphanol in donkeys produces sedation that is superior to detomidine on its own and last at least twice as long. Analgesia was dramatically improved with the combination as compared to detomidine alone. / Dissertation (MMed Vet (Anaesthesiology))--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1953.

Disseration (D.D.)--Zahnärztlichen Universitäts-Klinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göttingen, 1933.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göttingen, 1933.

Disseration (D.D.)--Zahnärztlichen Universitäts-Klinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München.