Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2007. / Prepared for: Dept. of Nurse Anesthesia. Bibliography: leaves 135-144. Available online via the Internet.

BACKGROUND: Currently there is no system with high reliability to classify pediatric patients prior to surgery based on their physical status. The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA-PS) classification system focuses on adult definitions and examples which exhibit high subjectivity along with low effectiveness for the pediatric patient population. The goal of this study was to optimize the ASA–PS system for pediatric populations by measuring interrater agreement of a pediatric adapted ASA–PS system with the collaboration from national and international perspectives. METHODS: A mixed–methods, prospective study of 197 pediatric anesthesiologists from 13 hospitals in the U.S., Europe and Australia were surveyed in May and July of 2019. Participants were given 15 pediatric cases with a mix of acute and chronic health conditions undergoing a myriad of surgical and nonsurgical procedures. The participants were instructed to assign ASA–PS scores (I to V) using the previously published pediatric adapted definitions of the ASA–PS system, which were provided. Using a two-way mixed effects model to account for multiple readers assigning scores for the same set of cases, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the ASA–PS scores among survey participants and their hospitals was estimated. The survey allowed for qualitative feedback on the pediatric adapted ASA–PS system via a free-text comments section which was analyzed using line–by–line assessment. RESULTS: Out of 197 participants there were 165 responses to the survey which gave a response rate of 83.8%. Across all 15 clinical cases the ICC agreement among all respondents to the ASA–PS scoring survey was 0.58 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.77). There was no significant variance in ICC based on years of anesthesiology practice. ICC was variable across all hospitals with a range from 0.34 to 0.79. The lowest level of agreement occurred in cases where ASA–PS scores of II and III were assigned; cases assigned ASA–PS scores of I, IV and V had the highest level of the agreement. Qualitatively, clarification on level of control with respect to a chronic condition and scoring in the setting of an acute illness were the two most common themes suggested in order to increase the validity of the pediatric-adapted ASA–PS definitions. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to past literature the pediatric–adapted ASA–PS scoring system resulted in an increased interrater reliability when dealing with pediatric specific cases. Overall, the pediatric – adapted ASA– PS system had moderate interrater reliability among the pediatric anesthesiologists surveyed in this study, suggesting further refinement is needed. Specifically, the lower reliability of scoring for cases assigned ASA-PS scores II and III support the necessity for optimization of a pediatric specific ASA–PS system.

Approximately 40,000 certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) are included in the anesthesia workforce in the United States. They provide a critical portion of anesthesia care throughout the country often practicing in rural and underserved areas of America. CRNAs are educated and trained to provide high-quality, cost-effective care for patients. Policy makers and health care organizations consistently call for policies to enable these providers to deliver care to the full extent of their education and training. The National Academy of Medicine (former Institute of Medicine) recommends in their seminal report, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, that CRNAs practice to their full potential as full partners with physicians. In order to promote CRNA ability to practice to the full extent of their training and education and assure that patients have access to safe anesthesia services, both policy and organizational influences on their care provision and should be taken into account. Whereas focus has been paid to policy restrictions and their influence on CRNA care, little is known about organizational influences on CRNA care or organizational structures that are present in the employment settings of CRNAs. Organizational climate, which is employees’ perceptions of and experience with organizational structures within their employment settings, has been studied in healthcare settings. Studying organizational climate in healthcare settings is important because research concludes that organizational climate of healthcare settings impacts providers and patients. Registered nurse (RN) organizational climate has been well studied, and researchers identified that important aspects of RN organizational climate include autonomy, control over practice, teamwork, and collaborative relationships with physicians and staff. When RN organizational climate is favorable, job satisfaction and nurse retention improve, and patients receive high-quality care. Researchers have also studied nurse practitioner (NP) organizational climate and have identified climate characteristics that enable NPs to function to their full capacity, while promoting job retention, decreasing costs, and improving access to care. Whereas evidence is clear that organizational climate is an important concept to study within healthcare organizations, little is known about CRNA organizational climate or how it impacts CRNA outcomes or patient outcomes, nor do we know how to measure organizational climate and further asses it. Therefore, this dissertation investigates CRNA organizational climate and adapts a tool to measure CRNA organizational climate. In Chapter 1, a background on CRNA contributions to anesthesia care in the United States is presented. In addition, challenges and restrictions affecting CRNA practice are discussed, and studying the concept of CRNA organizational climate is introduced. The theoretical and empirical underpinnings guiding the dissertation are presented, and the three aims of the dissertation are stated. In Chapter 2, aim one of the dissertation is addressed. Aim one of the dissertation is achieved by systematically reviewing and synthesizing evidence regarding CRNA working conditions and outcomes. This evidence lays the foundation for studying CRNA organizational climate. In Chapter 3, aim two of the dissertation is addressed. This aim is achieved by selecting an instrument to adapt to measure CRNA organizational climate. In this chapter, the processes of content validity testing and reliability testing of the Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist Organizational Climate Questionnaire (CRNA-OCQ), the adapted instrument to measure CRNA organizational climate, are presented. In Chapter 4, aim three of the dissertation is addressed. This aim is achieved by the further psychometric testing of the CRNA-OCQ, which is presented in this chapter. In this chapter, the CRNA-OCQ is refined and finalized through conducting exploratory factor analysis. In addition, the internal consistency reliability of CRNA-OCQ subscales is assessed. In Chapter 5, results from the three included studies are discussed and synthesized. In addition, practice, policy, and research recommendations are presented. Lastly, the strengths and limitations of the dissertation are discussed before the conclusion.

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Bakgrund: Överrapporteringen är ett kritiskt moment i patientens vårdkedja. Vid överrapportering från operation till den postoperativa avdelningen är det därför viktigt att det sker på ett strukturerat och inarbetat sätt. Bristande kommunikation mellan vårdpersonal har visat sig vara en vanlig orsak till vårdrelaterade skador. För att kunna bedriva en säker och högkvalitativ vård krävs en god kommunikation och ett fungerande samarbete mellan vårdpersonal. Syfte:Syftet var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser av hur vårdmiljön påverkar överrapporteringen på en postoperativ avdelning. Metod:Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ ansats. Individuella intervjuer genomfördes med åtta deltagare. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med manifest ansats. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier: Att bli avbruten och störd; Att sekretessen och patientens integritet äventyras och Att avskildhet, struktur och planering är avgörande. Anestesisjuksköterskor beskrev att dem upplevde en hög arbetsbelastning, hög ljudnivå och att den fysiska vårdmiljön påverkar överrapporteringen negativt. Dem värnade om patienternas integritet och sekretess men beskrevatt den fysiska vårdmiljön som kännetecknas av öppna ytor, samt brist på avskärmning påverkar patientens integritet och sekretess negativt. I resultatet framkom att anestesisjuksköterskor ansåg att det finns behov av förbättring av den fysiska miljön och efterfrågade ett avskärmat utrymme där överrapporteringen kan ske ostört. Konklusion: En konklusion av denna studies resultat är att utformningen av vårdmiljön på en postoperativ avdelning tillsammans med en hög ljudnivå och arbetsbelastning utgör hinder för en god och patientsäker överrapportering mellan enheterna. Anestesisjuksköterskor värnar om patientens integritet och säkerhet, men identifierar hinder för detta och ger förslag på förbättringar av vårdmiljön som skapar förutsättningar för en god och säker överrapportering. Anestesisjuksköterskor bör göras delaktiga i förbättringsarbeten kring överrapporteringar lokalt på vårdenheter.

The definition of awareness used consistently in this thesis is: Explicit recall of intraoperative events during general anaesthesia. Since there is no objective method to detect awareness, the patients must be interviewed after anaesthesia. The form and timing of the interview is crucial. To rely on spontaneous disclosure of awareness episodes is not sufficient. The total number of awareness-victims is considerable although the incidence may seem modest. A number of these patients look upon the awareness experience as the worst experience in their life. Suffering can include pain, mental distress and delayed psychological symptoms. However, the experience of awareness is not uniform and not all patients suffer. A comprehensible definition for dreaming during anaesthesia is: Any recalled experience, excluding awareness, which occurred between induction of anaesthesia and the first moment of consciousness upon emergence. Some findings point in the direction that dreaming during anaesthesia may be related to light or insufficient anaesthesia, but other findings do not. Some patients find dreaming during anaesthesia distressing, but generally the overall impression is that consequences of dreaming during anaesthesia seem to be small and of minor importance to the majority of patients. In this thesis I have found the following:The incidence of awareness is approximately 0.2% when neuromuscular blocking drugs are used and awareness also exists without these drugs, albeit to a lesser extent. These findings represent standard practice in an adult population at normal risk. 50% of awareness cases may have delayed recall of awareness. Using a consecutive inclusion design we found initial awareness suffering comparable to previous studies, but a lower incidence and less pronounced severity of late psychological symptoms. The incidences found among the awareness-victims in our study were; experience of pain 46%, immediate mental distress 65%, any late psychological symptom 33%, and PTSD below 10%. A memory of an intraoperative dream after general anaesthesia is not an early interpretation of delayed awareness, indicating that no routine follow up of dreaming-only patients is indicated. Dreams reported after anesthesia are generally not related to insufficient anesthesia defined as high BIS, and should not be regarded as near awareness.

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Bakgrund: Patienter som genomgår generell anestesi uttrycker oro och ångest inför att bli sövda. Anestesisjuksköterskor beskriver likaså att det är vanligt förekommande med perioperativ ångest hos patienter i samband med kirurgi. Anestesisjuksköterskan betonar vikten av god kommunikation för att lindra ångest och främja patienternas välbefinnande. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att genomgå regional anestesi. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturstudie som innefattar analys av 20 vårdvetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Patienterna upplevde diverse känslofenomen som exempelvis smärta, obehag och känselbortfall. Patienterna belyser vikten av att känna sig delaktiga i deras egen vård. Detta främjades utav anestesisjuksköterskornas fysiska närvaro och emotionella stöd. God information ansågs vara en förutsättning för att patienterna skulle känna sig trygga. I de fall där patienterna kände att information var bristfällig kände de istället sig utsatta. Slutsats: Upplevelsen kan uppfattas både som negativ och positiv. Negativ i form av att anestesin kan uppfattas som smärtsam samt förlust av kontroll, rörlighet och känsla av utsatthet. En förutsättning för att främja delaktighet och trygghet hos patienterna är att som anestesisjuksköterska kunna etablera en vårdande relation. Kunskap kring patienternas utsatta situation, behovet av närhet, kontakt och kontinuerlig information är avgörande för att utföra en god omvårdnad för att främja välbefinnande och hälsa. / Background: Patients undergoing general anesthesia expresses a strong concern and anxiety about being anesthetized. The nurse anaesthetist also describe the prevalence of perioperative anxiety in patients in connection with surgery. The nurse anaesthetist emphasizes the importance of good communication to alleviate anxiety and promote patients' well-being. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe patients' experiences of undergoing regional anesthesia. Method: Qualitative literature study that includes analysis of 20 caring science articles. Results: Patients experienced various emotional phenomena such as pain, discomfort and loss of sensation. Patients highlight the importance of feeling involved in their own care. This was promoted by the physical presence and emotional support of the nurse anaesthetist. Good information was considered a prerequisite for patients to feel safe. In cases where patients felt that information was deficient, they instead felt exposed. Conclusion: The experience of undergoing regional anesthesia can be perceived as both negative and positive. A prerequisite for promoting participation and safety in patients is that as a nurse anaesthetist be able to establish a caring relationship. Knowledge of the patients' vulnerable situation, the need for closeness, contact and continuous information is crucial to carry out good nursing to promote well-being and health.