Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / James Roush / Objective – To measure the effect of cold and warm compress therapy on tissue temperature in healthy dogs. Design – Controlled, blinded, crossover study Animals – 10 healthy mixed breed dogs Procedures – Dogs were sedated with hydromorphone 0.1 mg/kg IV and diazepam 0.25 mg/kg IV. Thermocouple needles were inserted to 0.5 cm (superficial), 1.0 cm (mid) and 1.5 cm (deep) into a shaved, lumbar, epaxial region to measure tissue temperature. Cold 2° F (-16.8° C) and warm 117°F (47°C) compresses were applied with gravity dependence for periods of 5, 10 and 20 minutes. Control data was collected under identical sedation. Results – Mean temperature significantly decreased after 5 minutes of cold application at only the superficial depth. Application of cold for 10 and 20 minutes significantly reduced the temperature at all depths. Twenty minutes of cold application significantly decreased temperature at only the mid depth compared to 10 minutes of application. Warm compresses significantly increased temperature at all depths after 10 minutes of application. Temperatures associated with 20 minutes of warm application were not significantly different than 10 minutes of application. Conclusions – When utilizing these methods of cold and warm compression, minimum time of application should be 10 minutes. Minimal changes occur by increasing cold application to 20 minutes and no changes occur when increasing heat application to 20 minutes. There is minimal to no change at depths ≥ 1.5 cm when using this method of heat application. Changes in tissue temperature and side effects of application longer than 20 minutes and in the absence of mu agonist opioids require further evaluation.

Patch-clamp techniques were used to study the expression of ionic currents in chick ciliary ganglion neurons dissociated acutely at various stages of embryonic development (stages 26, 30, 35 and 39). TTX-sensitive Na$\sp+$ currents (I$\sb{\rm Na}$), voltage-activated Ca$\sp{2+}$ currents (I$\sb{\rm Ca}$) and TEA-sensitive voltage-activated K$\sp+$ currents (I$\sb{\rm DR}$) were detectable at stage 26 and increased with amplitude and density with development. Transient TEA-resistant voltage-activated K$\sp+$ currents (I$\sb{\rm A}$) and Ca$\sp{2+}$-activated K$\sp+$ currents (I$\sb{\rm K(Ca)}$) were detectable only after stage 35. The densities of all currents (except I$\sb{\rm DR}$) increased dramatically when these neurons form synapses with their target tissues. / Isolation of these ciliary ganglion neurons from the in ovo environment at stage 35 and maintaining them in vitro for 4 days prevented the normal expression of I$\sb{\rm A}$ and I$\sb{\rm K(Ca)}$ suggesting that the expression of these channels is regulated by extrinsic factors. Neurons were isolated from E9 chick embryos and maintained in vitro for 4 days under different conditions. I$\sb{\rm A}$ expression is enhanced when the cells are co-cultured with striated myotubes but not when co-cultured with fibroblasts lysed myotubes, or when cultured as explants. Culturing these cells in the presence of aFGF enhances I$\sb{\rm A}$ expression, but CNTF, bFGF, muscle-conditioned medium or High K$\sp+$ medium have no effect. Culture medium containing a soluble fraction of chick brain extract increases I$\sb{\rm A}$ expression in these neurons. None of these culture conditions promote I$\sb{\rm K(Ca)}$ expression in ciliary ganglion neurons. / Surgical manipulations were used to remove the developing optic vesicle (OV), the middorsal region of the midbrain (MB) primordium, or both, all prior to the formation of the ciliary ganglion in chick embryos. I$\sb{\rm A}$ and I$\sb{\rm K(Ca)}$ were recorded from acutely isolated neurons that developed in ovo in the absence of target tissue (OV$\sp-$) or absence of preganglionic innervation (MB$\sp-$). The activation and inactivation kinetics of I$\sb{\rm A}$ were 2-3 times faster in OV$\sp-$ and OV$\sp-$/MB$\sp-$ cells compared to OV$\sp+$ neurons. MB$\sp-$ cells expressed normal I$\sb{\rm A}$. I$\sb{\rm K(Ca)}$ was reduced by 90-100% in OV$\sp-$, MB$\sp-$ and MB$\sp-$/OV$\sp-$ neurons. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 55-04, Section: B, page: 1315. / Major Professor: Stuart E. Dryer. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1994.

The ability of low concentrations of dopamine to stimulate prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary gland was examined. Pituitary cells in dynamic culture increased prolactin secretion in response to a reduction of dopamine concentration (100 nM to 1 pM) much more robustly than in response to a simple removal of dopamine (100 nM to no dopamine). The stimulatory activity of low doses of dopamine is dose dependent (1 pM-100 pM is stimulatory and doses above 100 nM are inhibitory). In rats, dopamine infused at doses 100 times less than the maximal inhibitory doses also stimulates prolactin secretion. These data indicate that low doses of dopamine have prolactin releasing properties. In a static culture system, pharmacological experiments indicated that the dopamine receptor mediating the stimulatory effect was most similar to the D$\sb2$ receptor. This receptor was found to be distinct from the D$\sb2$ receptor coupled to inhibition of prolactin secretion and the two receptors utilized different G-proteins. The reverse hemolytic plaque assay identified a relatively small subpopulation of lactotrophs that responded to stimulatory doses of dopamine. Neither the short nor the long form of the D$\sb2$ receptor could mediate dopaminergic stimulation of prolactin secretion when expressed in a prolactin secreting cell line. These two receptors mediated inhibition of PRL secretion and the signal transduction mechanisms utilized were identical. The receptor mediating dopaminergic stimulation of prolactin secretion has not been identified; however, this receptor is coupled to the G$\sb{\rm s}$ G-protein and mediates an increase in cytosolic calcium. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-03, Section: B, page: 1190. / Major Professor: Marc E. Freeman. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1993.

To examine the effect of whole body pre-cooling on the exercise duration and the thermoregulatory and metabolic responses during the exercise, fourteen male runners (27 $\pm$ 7.4 yrs) completed two separate high-intensity running test sessions. Each session consisted of a rest period in either 24$\sp\circ$C (normothermic condition; NC) or 5$\sp\circ$C air (hypothermic condition; HC) for 30 minutes followed by an exercise bout at 82% of individual maximal aerobic capacity to exhaustion. / Rectal temperature was significantly lower (0.37$\sp\circ$C) in HC than in NC when subjects started exercise. Rectal, mean skin, and mean body temperatures remained lower during the exercise in HC compared to NC (ANOVA). The exercise duration in HC (26 min. 14 sec.) was significantly longer and equivalent of 121 $\pm$ 23.9% to the duration in NC (22 min. 25 sec.). The change between post- and pre-exercise values in mean skin, mean body, thermal gradient as well as heart rate was larger in HC compared to NC (t-test, p $<$ 0.05). On the other hand, the final value of rectal temperature, thermal gradient, and heart rate was not different between the two conditions. While exercising, a greater increase in heat storage was observed in HC (173 $\pm$ 45.7 W$\cdot$m$\sp{-2}$) than in NC (143 $\pm$ 38.1 W$\cdot$m$\sp{-2}$) and subjects lost larger amounts of sweat in NC than in HC. Oxygen consumption was significantly lower in an early phase of HC than in NC while oxygen pulse and respiratory exchange ratio were not different. Blood lactate level at post-exercise was not different between the conditions. Based on the results, it is concluded that whole body pre-cooling increases the duration of high-intensity running in a thermoneutral environment. Greater endurance is accompanied by less stress in thermoregulatory and cardiovascular systems as well as greater thermal capacitance after pre-cooling. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 55-08, Section: B, page: 3180. / Major Professor: Emily M. Haymes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1994.

Objective. To compare the effect of two exercise interventions on body composition, energy expenditure (EE), body-esteem, and self-worth in obese 7-11 yr old African American girls. Methods. Ten girls met for lifestyle counseling once a week for 10 weeks as an informal exercise (IEX) group. The sessions stressed behavior modification and goal setting. At the same time, a formal exercise (FEX) group (n = 12) participated in a supervised, monitored, aerobic exercise program. The interventions differed in frequency, intensity, duration, and scheduling of physical activities. Body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, EE by a 7-day recall, body-esteem by the Body-Esteem Scale for Children, and self worth by the Self-Perceived Profile for Children. Results. Both groups increased in fat-free mass (p $<$.05); however, the FEX group declined slightly in fat mass while the IEX group increased slightly. The net results were a significant decrease of 1.4% fat in the FEX group (p $<$.05) while the decrease of 0.4% in the IEX group was not significant. Increases in physical activity EE during intervention were similar in both groups with only the FEX group improving aerobic fitness. However, at one-month follow-up the FEX group decreased EE to levels below pretest (p $<$.05). The results suggest the IEX group better maintained increased EE than the FEX group. The correlation between body-esteem and self worth was r = 0.51 (p $<$.05) and there was no evidence of an intervention effect on these variables. Conclusion. These results suggest the usefulness of exercise interventions to improve body composition, fitness level, and energy expenditure in obese pre-pubescent African American girls with the maintenance of increased physical activity better for those engaging in lifestyle counseling. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 55-09, Section: B, page: 4160. / Major Professor: Robert J. Moffatt. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1994.

To determine the effects of an eight week dietary iron supplementation ('Feosol', 100 mg/day elemental iron, SmithKline Lab) on low plasma ferritin concentration ( / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 50-08, Section: B, page: 3342. / Major Professor: Emily Haymes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1989.

The nervus terminalis (NT) is a ganglionated vertebrate cranial nerve of unknown function which connects the brain and the peripheral olfactory structures. Studies in the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo) were conducted to provide basic information on NT ganglion structure and function. / In vivo whole nerve recordings indicate that impulses from the brain suppress the activity of ganglion cells and suggest that synaptic interactions may occur in the ganglion. To understand better these synaptic interactions and the NT ganglion circuit, anatomical and electrophysiological studies were conducted. The NT ganglion contains at least two immunocytochemically distinct populations of cells: one cell type is luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive (LHRH-ir) and another cell type is LPLRFamide-ir. Anatomical studies also suggest that LHRH-ir cells may receive both cholinergic and catecholaminergic inputs, while LPLRFamide-ir cells may receive cholinergic inputs and little or no catecholaminergic input. / The electrophysiological and pharmacological data is consistent with the anatomical findings, suggesting that at least two populations of cells contribute to whole nerve activity. One cell type may be excited by acetylcholine and depressed by norepinephrine, while another is depressed by acetylcholine and unaffected by norepinephrine. The responses of the NT system suggest that these populations may correspond to the LHRH-ir and LPLRFamide-ir cells, respectively. Intracellular recordings also support the whole nerve data, showing that some cells in the ganglion are spontaneously active, project centrally, and exhibit inhibitory potentials following nerve trunk stimulation. The responses of the few cells tested with pharmacological agents were consistent with those proposed for the LPLRFamide-ir cells. A cholinergic agonist elicited a marked hyperpolarization and a reduction in membrane resistance, while a catecholaminergic agonist had no influence on the cells. / Taken together, the data suggest that the NT ganglion is a complex system with functions unlike those of sensory and autonomic ganglia. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 50-12, Section: B, page: 5490. / Major Professor: Michael Meredith. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1989.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the control process for single-joint movements by examining behaviors of preprogrammed and on-line modulated muscle activation patterns that emerged in different task situations. Twelve subjects performed 35$\sp\circ$ and 70$\sp\circ$ elbow extension movements at two velocities with unstable external loads. / For each response, EMG activities of the triceps brachii and biceps brachii were acquired and digitized. The digitized EMG activities were used to calculate multiple EMG variables. Significant multivariate ANOVAs on overall dependent variables were followed by univariate ANOVAs on individual EMG variables, which suggested that only the agonist area for the first 50 ms of movement (Ago50) could be identified as a preprogrammed muscle activity. While external loads did not affect Ago50, velocity requirements and movement amplitudes had significant effects on Ago50, implying that knowledge about initial task constraints is incorporated into preprogramming of motor commands. / However, analyses on other EMG variables, including the first 50 ms of antagonist activity, agonist and antagonist areas after the first 50 ms of movement, their peak amplitudes, and times to reach the peak amplitudes, suggested that these variables could be identified as on-line modulated muscle activation patterns. Unlike the Ago50, they were sensitive to unexpectedly altered external loads, implying that the control system can utilize current sensory input in programming these muscle activation patterns. / Observed patterns of EMG variables suggest that the movement control process involves both preprogramming and on-line modulation of motor commands. Although the control system must preprogram some of the controlling factors before it can initiate a specified movement, the preprogrammed motor commands are not key determinants of the final movement outcome. Instead, the accuracy of the final movement outcome will be determined by the precision of both preprogrammed and on-line modulated controlling factors. Therefore, the control system has to operate continuously during the movement control process utilizing both its predictive ability and current sensory input as the basis for achieving a specified movement goal. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 57-03, Section: B, page: 1642. / Major Professor: Tonya Toole. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1996.

Fifteen profoundly handicapped clients ages 6-46 residing in a facility for the developmentally disabled served as subjects for this study. Subjects received four music therapy treatments; two with vibrotactile stimulation and two without. Each treatment consisted of four pre-recorded music conditions composed, recorded, and performed by the researcher. These were: pentatonic mode and bells, pentatonic mode and flute, major mode and bells, and major mode and flute. / Respirations and pulse rate served as physiological measures while observations of eye movement, facial expression, vocalizations, and motor movement served as behavioral measures. Deep inhalations were shown to increase significantly during musical stimulation. The type of musical stimulation did not affect these results. Statistically significant increases in vocalizations occurred during the major flute melody as compared with the major bells melody. The major flute melody was also significantly more effective in eliciting vocalizations when not accompanied with vibrotactile stimulation. In an examination of the order of presentation of melodies, the first melody elicited significantly more vocalization than the second melody which in turn elicited significantly more vocalizations than the third melody. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 31-01, page: 0023. / Major Professor: Jayne M. Standley. / Thesis (M.M.)--The Florida State University, 1992.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight) on metabolism and cardiorespiratory variables during walking exercise at low and moderate aerobic intensities. In addition, caffeine's effect on perception of effort during walking was studied. Eight normotensive, sedentary (VO2max: 39.64, SD $+/-$ 3.05), male nonsmokers (age 21-28) with a habitual caffeine intake of less than 300mg/day participated in four 60-min treadmill walking sessions with and without prior caffeine. Two of these trials were performed at self-selected "normal" walking speed (2.90 mph, SD $+/-$ 0.12), corresponding to 30% VO2max exercise intensity; the other two tests were performed at self-selected "fast" walking speed (3.93 mph, SD $+/-$ 0.12), corresponding to a 50% VO2max work load. The order of trials was randomized and counterbalanced. The study was performed using a placebo double-blind design and data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with each subject serving as his own control. / Caffeine intake 60 min prior to walking exercise increased pre- and post-exercise FFA, glycerol, and lactate concentrations (p $<$ 0.05). Walking exercise by itself raised serum levels of FFA and glycerol (p $<$ 0.05). Blood glucose concentration tended to be higher in caffeine trials (p = 0.06) and were lower post-exercise (p $<$ 0.05). Cardiorespiratory influences of caffeine included a rise in systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and minute ventilation during walking (p $<$ 0.05). Walking intensity level selectivity influenced energy substrate metabolism and cardiorespiratory responses. Significant time effects across the 60-min walking duration were noted for HR, RER, and the relative and absolute contribution of carbohydrate and fat for energy (p $<$ 0.05). The influence of caffeine on the perception of subjective effort during walking was statistically nonsignificant (p = 0.08). / It is concluded that ingestion of 5 mg/kg caffeine selectively influences metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses during walking exercise at 30% and 50% VO2max. The present data do not suggest that caffeine enhances the fat reducing potential of prolonged walking exercise. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 50-10, Section: B, page: 4390. / Major Professor: Emily M. Haymes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1989.