Electric vehicles (EV) in the transportation sector will play a major role in achieving low-carbon emissions from the mobility of vehicles. With a future increase in electric vehicles and autonomous electric vehicles, the demand for charging increases and this comes with new problems that require modern solutions. The integrity of the power grid infrastructure can be at risk as grid congestion and power mismatch can cause problems as the act of charging the vehicles adds an extra burden on the power grid. Today, there exist several scenarios on how a vehicle can be charged and a number of technical solutions that are advantageous based on different aspects such as user's need, price of the electricity, and electricity network.   This thesis focuses on identifying different charging scenarios in mapping the information that is required and studying the effects of these charging scenarios through a smart charging algorithm. A smart charging algorithm to optimise for charging and discharging of the electric vehicle is developed and tested in a MATLAB environment with the aim to achieve a balanced grid load profile. The simulation results verify the potential of the algorithm to reduce the adverse effects of electric vehicle charging. Additionally, a model to map autonomous electric vehicles to charging station in accounts of a low state of charge is also developed in MATLAB

Different techniques are used for demand forecasting within the In-dustry such as statistical methods like Croston, ARIMA and exponen- tial smoothing methods, Also, During these days Machine learningtechnologies such as SVM, NN and gradient boosting are also usedfor demand forecasting. Both statistical and Machine learning mod- els are widely used in the Industry for demand forecasting basedon performance, requirements, technical availability and data. In thisresearch, we will be dealing with intermittent demand forecasting,which means the data has a large number of zero values within thesales and this is done in connection with Volvo trucks. We will be ex-perimenting with both statistical and Machine learning approaches toevaluate how both statistical and machine learning models respondto the data that we have. Also, we will be introducing a novel hybridapproach where we combine both statistical and Machine learning models into an ensemble architecture(hybrid modelling) which im-proved the performance or prediction accuracy for Intermittent data.In this, the ensembles will be formed by creating metadata combining inputs and predictions from individual models and using the meta- data to train other machine learning models in-order to get predic-tions. We will be using the data from the Volvo trucks supply chaindivision to conduct our experiments and evaluation of the results.The contribution of this paper is twofold. During our experiments,we found out how each model from statistical as well as machinelearning model fits with the data that we have. We also introduced a novel hybrid approach with ensembles combining both statistical aswell as machine learning in a meta-model architecture. Along withimplementing the hybrid model, we compare the best out of the sta- tistical and machine learning models with our hybrid ensemble ap-proach which proves to reduce the predictions error(lesser error) to 6percentage lesser from the best performing individual model.Secondly,we focused on bringing confidence prediction into intermittent de-mand forecasting. The confidence prediction brings a certainty factorin to the predictions, which is the second major contribution of ourresearch. In our approach of confidence prediction, we came up with a confidence of 95 per cent which shows that we are 95 per cent cer-tain that the value will fall in the range of our prediction interval.And we also made sure that the prediction bandwidth with such alarge confidence interval is not too wide so that it doesn’t affect tothe safety stock maintenance in the warehouse thus can reduce thestock accumulation in case of adverse conditions that affect the sales.

This report provides a description of creating a circuit board, designed for a cable-based control system in a BLDC engine. The objective of the project was to examine how effective a replacement of cables with a circuit board would be, to make the control system more compact. A software named Kicad was used to create a layout, later - the created digital model was ordered, and all the necessary components were installed on the circuit board. At first, all the cable connections were examined in terms of functions, and later - a circuit scheme was created to clarify the connections. The design of the circuit board was completed with respect to all kinds of interference and its impact on the system. In the theory subsection, it is explained in detail how the design of the layout was made with respect to white noise and other kinds of interferences. The result subsection provides a demonstration of the functionality and robustness of the created circuit board.

The complexity of electrical systems present in vehicles is continuously rising and the number of interconnected electrical devices is growing during the strive for optimization and reaching higher efficiency levels. Actuation of said devices have the possibility of injecting voltage and current harmonics into the system, thus negatively affecting neighbouring devices. A measurement method for detecting the transient currents originating from such devices was therefore desirable. Focus was placed on current transients with frequency components within the range 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The report presents theory regarding current sensing techniques, where sensors based on the Rogowski coil were chosen for further implementation. Signal analysis theory included choice of sampling frequency and the FFT approach. Different data acquisition hardware were considered for usage with the current sensors, and evaluated both in field and a laboratory environment. Compiled application notes for the end-user of the measurement method are presented. Laboratory tests showed that Rogowski sensors were capable of measuring the transient currents with the desired spectral resolution. Caution should however be taken when measuring and interpreting low frequency components due to the droop effect. Among the evaluated Rogowski sensors, the sensor type 30LFB was found to be best fitted for measuring current transients originating from electrical loads in a vehicle. Different power cable set-ups can act on the system with low-pass characteristic. Field tests showed that the energy demand of an electrical unit is not solely supplied by the battery but also neighbouring devices. Most prominently were a 40 kHz component that could be seen propagating from the electronic clutch actuator to other loads. However, the majority of the currents’ frequency components with considerable amplitudes were located outside the delimited spectrum. It was concluded that sampling hardware have the possibility of injecting the quantified waveform with frequency components that are related to the sampling frequency.

To measure the current impulses before a discharge process in an insulation material is completed a proposed system has been built theoretically. The blocks in the system have been studied by going through relevant sources and meetings with the supervisor of the project and new ideas have been considered.  With the goal of having a proposed theoretical circuit that can measure current impulses with a peak of 100A, some methods have been excluded and some have been put into the system. Exclusion of some methods are because there was not enough time to dig into a completely new approach for all the methods, and therefore some methods were studied more deeply than others.  The project started with a lot of reading to get understanding of the fundamental process of long air gap discharges and continued with putting the theory into a simulated system for measuring current.  The proposed system has been simulated and a result has been drawn from this by looking into the bandwidth, the sensitivity and accuracy of the system.

The power grid must expand rapidly to meet future capacity needs. Society's electrification and transition to transient energy sources, as well as the advent of micro-production means that the electricity grid must change. Since there is a shortage of capacity in the electricity networks already, it is necessary to look at alternatives that could reduce the need for capacity. One such alternative is “demand side flexibility”. That means that the user adjusts his electricity consumption according to production. The adjustment means that consumption is reduced or increased as needed, but also that consumption can be moved to an earlier or later occasion.   The local electricity network of Umeå Energi that is powered by distribution station S is a rural network with 1018 subscribers supplied by 49 substations, this electricity network is examined using network analyzes at the medium-voltage level for two different cases. In each case, both network expansion and demand side flexibility are studied as a solution to the capacity shortage. The first case deals with the emergence of electric car charging in the electricity grid, while the second case deals with expansion of micro-production in the electricity grid. The study of these two cases showed that demand side flexibility can solve the lack of capacity effectively, but in the long term, network expansion is a better and more economically profitable alternative. The first case declares that the cost of network expansion corresponds to the cost of 3.26 years with demand flexibility while the second case says that a period of 0.84 years with demand flexibility will reach the cost of a network expansion. The biggest found economic difference is that the network expansion has only non-recurring costs, while the cost of demand flexibility consists of both non-recurring costs and recurring costs. / Elnätet måste byggas ut snarast för att klara av framtida kapacitetsbehov. Samhällets elektrifiering och övergång till transienta energikällor samt tillkomst av mikroproduktion gör att elnätet måste utvecklas. Eftersom det råder kapacitetsbrist i elnäten redan nu så måste det beaktas alternativ som kan hantera kapacitetsbehovet, ett sådant alternativ är efterfrågeflexibilitet. När användaren justerar sin elkonsumtion vid behov kallas detta för efterfrågeflexibilitet. Justeringen innebär att konsumtionen minskas eller ökas vid behov, men även att den flyttas till ett tidigare eller senare tillfälle.   Umeå Energis lokalnät som matas ifrån fördelningsstation S är ett typiskt landsbygdnät med 1018 abonnenter som försörjs av 49 nätstationer, detta elnät undersöks med hjälp av nätanalyser på mellanspänningsnivån för två olika fall. I vartdera fall undersöks både nätutbyggnad och efterfrågeflexibilitet som lösning på kapacitetsbristen. Första fallet behandlar tillkomst av elbilsladdning i elnätet, medan det andra fallet behandlar expansion utav mikroproduktion i elnätet. Studien av dessa två fall visade att efterfrågeflexibilitet kan lösa kapacitetsbristen effektivt, men långsiktigt är nätutbyggnaden ett bättre och mer ekonomiskt lönsamt alternativ. Det första fallet konstaterar att kostanden för nätutbyggnad motsvarar kostnaden för 3,26 år med efterfrågeflexibilitet, andra fallet fastställer att det räcker med en tidsperiod på 0,84 år med efterfrågeflexibilitet för att nå kostanden för en nätutbyggnad. Den största ekonomiska skillnaden är att nätutbyggnaden har engångskostnader medan kostnaden för efterfrågeflexibiliteten består utav både engångskostnader och rörliga kostnader.

Every electronics product should be electromagnetic compatible and adherence to appropriate standards for commercial success. Solar Bora, situated in Linköping, manufactures off-grid power systems with solar cell systems that deliver a high-power output of 230 VACclean and stable electricity. The energy stored in the batteries must be effectively transferred from DC to AC with the help of an inverter module. The current master’s thesis is about radiated emission testing on the controller printed circuit board which contributes to overall emissions in the inverter. EN-61000-6-3: Generic standards - Emission standards for residential, commercial, and light-industrial environments guide the testing procedure.When there are limited prototype runs and a short time to market, knowing and comprehending how different design factors affect EMC performance is critical. This thesis will look at how different layout design factors impact the converter’s radiated emissions. Radiated emissions testing in the frequency range 30 MHz - 1 GHz are the focus. Based on the findings, appropriate mitigation measures are implemented to minimize radiated emission; Altium Designer used in the new converter layout design. The new converter was put through the same emission test as per standard in the lab to ensure its functioning.

Project Ngulia is a public-private partnership that aims at developing innovative cost-efficient technical solutions in Ngulia sanctuary, Kenya. The technologies assist KenyaWildlife Service (KWS) with improving the security of rhinoceros. So far they have, amongothers, developed a dashboard showing the status of the sanctuary. This thesis attempts toinstall a LoRaWAN network system containing a server and a gateway, and to develop anappurtenant end-device prototype sampling the pH, conductivity, and temperature of thewater holes in the sanctuary. The plan is for Project Ngulia to, later on, include the samplesfrom the end-device in the dashboard using the LoRaWAN network system. In addition,the thesis attempts to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using LoRaWAN inthis use case by both literature studies and by tests during the implementation.The total system was developed according to a model inspired by the NASA engi-neering design process, an iteration of six steps;Identify criteria and constraints,identify theproblem,explore hardware and possibilities,select an approach,build a prototypeandevaluate. TheLoRaWAN network system and the water sample prototype was in every iteration devel-oped on the basis of the design goals of robustness and power consumption.The final prototype was built upon an Arduino Pro Mini 3.3V 8MHz, the LoRa ra-dio transceiver SX1276 and the open source LoRaWAN library calledarduino-lmic version1.5.0+arduino-2. The gateway, however, was build on a Raspberry Pi 3 model B, the opensource library namedpacket ́forwarderand an iC880A concentrator which contains theSX1301 LoRa radio transceiver. The server used was the LoRaServer software. An ad-vantage of LoRaWAN is that the range of the LoRa radio signal seems to cover the waterholes of interest in Ngulia sanctuary quite good with five gateways. Another is that onegateway can handle up to 100 end-devices broadcasting data every 20 minutes or less. Adisadvantage, on the other hand, is the memory occupation the LoRaWAN protocol occu-pies in the end-device, limiting the number of sensors to be connected to each end-device.

A power supply unit with very low standby losses has been constructed. A reference design from Texas Instrument was used as a comparison and starting point. A choice between optimizing the existing reference design or creating a new power supply was made. The losses in the reference design was located to be due to high switching frequency. This also led to losses in the snubber circuit. Because the reference design has an inefficient external start-up circuit and does not allow load dependent switching frequency without an complicated modification, a new power supply was decided to be constructed. The fly- back controller used was the integrated circuit UCC28730, which has a built-in start-up circuit and a load dependent switching frequency function. To implement faster commu- nication between the output and the flyback controller the integrated circuit UCC24650 was added to the design. This allows the UCC24650 to send wake-up signals when a volt- age droop is detected on the secondary side. The new power supply has a built-in under voltage protection to protect the batteries which is the power source. Although the new power supply seems to regulate the desired output voltage during no load, it does seem to have issues with faults during both no load and load. / Ett nätaggregat med väldigt låg tomgångsförbrukning har byggts. En referensdesign från Texas Instrument användes som jämförelse och startpunkt. Ett val mellan optimering av den befintliga referensdesignen eller att skapa en ny design gjordes. Förlusterna i referensdesignen lokaliserades att vara på grund av hög switchfrekvens. Detta ledde även till att förluster i dämpningarna i snubberkretsen. Eftersom referensdesignen har en ineffektiv extern uppstartningskrets och inte tillåter att gå ner i switchfrekvens beroende på last utan en komplicerad modifikation, beslöts att ett nytt nätaggregat skulle konstrueras. Som spänningsregulator användes integrerade kretsen UCC28730, vilket har en inbyggd uppstartningskrets och en funktion som möjliggör lastberoende switchfrekvens. För att implementera snabbare kommunikation mellan utgången och regulatorn lades även integrerade kretsen UCC24650 till i designen. Detta möjliggör att UCC24650 kan skicka uppvakningssignaler när ett snabbt spänningsfall detekteras på sekundärsidan. Det nya nätaggregatet har ett inbyggt underspänningsskydd för att skydda spänningskällan, vilket är ett batteri. Även fast nätaggregatet reglerar önskad spänning på utgången vid ingen last, visar den sig ha problem med fellägen både med och utan last på utgången.

Analog-to-Digital converters, ADCs, introduces the possibility of performing digital computation on real world analog signals by being the interface between thetwo domains. The demands on the performance of the ADC is steadily increasing, which also comes with an increased difficulty of actually being able to guarantee the functionality of the device. Therefore, the art of estimating the characteristics of the ADC has flourished over the years where researchers has sugested ways of performing different test procedures to arrive at the most accurate method suited for a specific application. In this thesis, a measurement device containing an ADC is the subject of investigation. Some of the static characteristics of the ADC were estimated by isolating the ADC in the circuit and putting it through a set of tests developed in a lab environment and analyzing the resulting data offline. By then also carrying out measurements of the whole system, the amount of input referred noise added by the ADC could be estimated.