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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

In Vitro Starch Digestion for Analysis of Healthy Carbohydrates

Ngo, Carolin January 2018 (has links)
The health impact of carbohydrates is often debated in questions regarding nutrition and health. One reason is that intake of carbohydrates affect the blood glucose level to different extent depending on the characteristics of the carbohydrate. Starch is the most common carbohydrate and it can be categorized as rapidly digested starch (RDS), slowly digested starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) where the speed parameter refers to how easily enzymes hydrolyze the starch is and thus how fast the blood glucose level is affected. However, RS does not affect the blood glucose level but instead becomes substrate for microbial fermentation of the gut microbiota. Long term consumption of resistant starch decreases the risk of intestinal diseases. The aim of this project was therefore to investigate different in vitro methods for determination of RS content in samples. The impact which particle size and extrusion have on the amount of RS were investigated since the factors can increase or decrease the amount of RS. Sorghum and cowpea were of interest to analyze since the crops are important nutrient sources in both Africa and Asia. Two methods were investigated for determination of RS content where the method developed by Megazyme International Ireland Ltd. was more stable than the method developed by Goñi et al. Modifications of the Megazyme method were performed in order to obtain more reliable values which was achieved when enzymes from Sigma-Aldrich were used. Samples of sorghum of the particle sizes 125 µm and 250 µm resulted in values ranging between 11.44 – 11.94 g RS/100 g sample and 8.49 – 9.02 g RS/100 g sample after extrusion was performed. Samples of the larger particle size resulted in lower amount of RS, most likely due to starch-protein associations. Cowpea resulted in 11.05 g RS/100 g sample and 9.20 g RS/100 g sample before and after extrusion. Determination of the amylose and amylopectin ratio showed that sorghum contained 53.3 – 59.3 % (w/w) amylose and cowpea 53.2 % (w/w) amylose. A ratio favoring amylose also favors the formation of RS. However, the particle size has larger impact on the RS content than the amylose content and sorghum of particle size 125 µm was shown to be the healthiest regarding amount of RS. Cowpea showed the lowest amount of amylose yet the highest amount of RS among the extrudates and the lowest set back value of -0.5 which leads to an assumption towards unstable methods. Further development of the methods should be carried out in forms of modifications. Optimization of treatments regarding sorghum of particle size 125 µm should be continued in order to obtain even higher RS content.
2

Hydrogen-rich materials as auxiliary reducing agents in the blast furnace

Sideris, Dimitrios January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
3

Freeze-drying of protein pharmaceuticalin vials with different character

Falk, Julia January 2019 (has links)
Freeze-drying of protein pharmaceuticals is a procedure frequentlyused to obtain stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredientduring distribution and storage. It can be performed in pre-filledsyringes, with a lubricous coating of silicone on the inside, toenable the piston moving. The coating changes the environmentpotentially affecting the features of the freeze-dried cake sincethe wetting behavior and adhesion to the inner wall is affected.This project aimed to investigate the effect of the siliconizationof the cakes. Three different formulations were freeze-dried in nonsiliconized(NS) and siliconized vials using differentsiliconization protocols. Analysis was done using differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA),scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and an embedding method, intended to give information aboutthe cake’s shrinkage, cracking and pore-structure. The water contentin the bottom of the cakes was consistently higher than in the top,a difference decreasing over time. Increased surface hydrophobicitylead to increased shrinkage of the cake’s volume and a decrease infogging. The bottom of the protein cake in the vial siliconized witha commercial silicone emulsion consisted of pores with regularlyequal pore size and thick pore walls, a structure not seen in anyother cake. All cakes in the silicone emulsion siliconized vials hadlower water content than the cakes in the vials using the othersiliconization method. The XPS-analysis showed that the cakes in theemulsion siliconized vials contained silicon, indicating an excessof silicone when siliconizing and/or an unstable coating.
4

An Investigation of Aspects Affecting Availability and Grading of High-Risk Antibiotics in Sweden. : Group 2

Fridberg, Andrea, Leding, Albin, Lundahl, Hanna, Rydin, Hannah, Sjölund, Hanna January 2019 (has links)
The Public Health Agency of Sweden published a report in 2017 listing 34 antibiotics that risk disappearing from the Swedish market, all with significant value to the Swedish healthcare. The aim of this report was to investigate the availability risk, why these risks occur and identify potential patterns. Ten different aspects were developed with different impact on the availability to establish the grade of availability risk for each of the analysed antibiotics. The antibiotics were compiled in a table and were graded as low, medium or high risk. The results showed that nine of the antibiotics have a high risk of disappearing from the Swedish market while ten respectively 20 were graded as medium and low risk. Patterns were found regarding the difference in formulations and the economic aspects.
5

Quantification of circulating CD19 CAR-T cells in peripheral blood for implementation in routine diagnostics

Sjölund, Hanna January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
6

Computational Cyclic Voltammetry of Supercapacitors

Pettersson, Albert January 2022 (has links)
As the demand on electrochemical energy storage devices grows, more complex technologies are required, hence an improved knowledge on the microscopical level is needed. This can be achieved by using computational tools, in particular molecular simulations. Recent studies have shown that the commonly used electrode model fails to describe non perfect conductors simulated with molecular dynamics. The extended version of the polarizable electrode model, i.e., the Thomas-Fermi model includes a term to describe the characteristic screening length of the electrode material, hence the metalicity can be tuned. Herein, supercapacitors with electrodes described by the Thomas-Fermi model with a graphite like structure and an ionic liquid as the electrolyte are investigated. By performing cyclic voltammetry, it is found that the scan rate has less impact on the capacitance when the screening length is large and vice versa that the capacitance is little affected by the screening length at high scan rates. A comparison with a previous study made with an aqueous sodium chloride solution as the electrolyte shows that ionic liquids and aqueous sodium chloride are affected similarly by the metalicity of the electrode, although the ionc liquid is found to have a slower dynamics compared to aqueous sodium chloride.
7

Recovery of Phosphorus from Incineration of Sewage Sludge / Återvinning av fosfor från förbränning av avloppsslam

Bhasin, Aditi January 2017 (has links)
The primary source of phosphorus, phosphate rock, is a non-renewable resource which is expected to get exhausted in the next 50 – 100 years. Sewage sludge in Sweden constitutes 25% of the annual phosphorus in the country, making it a potentially significant source for phosphorus recovery. The aim of this project was to identify the potential for phosphorus recovery from incineration of dewatered and digested sewage sludge in Fortum Värme’s power plants in Stockholm. The study was limited to two boilers located at Bristaverket, Stockholm - boiler B1, a bio-fired fluidized bed boiler and boiler B2, a waste-fired grate incinerator. A theoretical analysis for boiler B1 showed that it is possible to reach a concentration of 4.6% phosphorus in fly ash if sludge and recycled wood fuel are mixed in the ratio 48:52. A test program was executed in boiler B2 to burn up to 12.5% sludge with a mixture of household waste and industrial waste. A total of 755 tons of sludge was used over a period of three weeks during the test in boiler B2. The test was successful in terms of combustion and emissions. There was no increase in the emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and hydrochloric acid in the flue gas. Mercury emissions in the chimney increased with an increase in the share of sludge, nevertheless, the emission level was below the limit set by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Decrease in the amount of unburnt materials in bottom ash and in the emission of carbon monoxide showed that the burning of fuel was more efficient with input of sludge. The maximum phosphorus concentration was 0.7% in both bottom ash and fly ash from boiler B2 and occurred at an input of 12.5% sludge. This concentration is close to the expected theoretical value, however it is not expected to be feasible to recover phosphorus at such a low concentration. The ashes were sent to Fortum Waste Solutions and Ragn-Sells for recovery of phosphorus, however the results are not included in this report due to time constraints for thesis study. In order to increase the concentration of phosphorus in the ashes, a system approach is recommended, for instance, recirculation of bottom ash into the incinerator. / Den primära källan till fosfor, fosforit, är en icke-förnybar resurs som är begränsad och förväntas bli förbrukad under de kommande 50-100 åren. Avloppsslam i Sverige innehåller 25% av det årliga fosforflödet, därmed är det en potentiellt viktig källa för fosforåtervinning. Syftet med detta projekt var att identifiera potentialen för fosforåtervinning från förbränning av rötat och avvattnat avloppsslam i Fortum Värmes kraftvärmeverk i Stockholm. Projektet avgränsades till fokus på två pannor i Bristaverket: panna B1, en bioeldad fluidiserad bäddpanna och panna B2, en avfallseldad rosterpanna. En teoretisk analys av panna B1 visade att det är möjligt att uppnå en koncentration på 4,6% fosfor i flygaska om slam och RT-flis blandas med förhållandet 48:52. Ett test program genomfördes på panna B2 för att förbränna uppe till 12,5% slam med en blandning av hushållsavfall och grovkross. Totalt användes 755 ton slam under en period av tre veckor då testet genomfördes i panna B2. Det var ett lyckat test med avseende på förbränning och utsläpp. Ingen ökning av kväveoxider, svaveldioxid och saltsyra i rökgasen observerades vid utsläppen. Kvicksilverutsläppet i skorstenen ökade med en ökad andel slam, dock var utsläppsnivån under den gränsen som är fastställd av Naturvårdsverket. Minskning av oförbrända material i bottenaska och i utsläpp av kolmonoxid visade att förbränningen av bränsle är effektivare med inmatning av slam. Den maximala fosforkoncentrationen var 0,7% i både bottenaska och flygaska från panna B2 vid ett intag av 12,5% slam. Denna koncentration ligger nära det förväntade teoretiska värdet, men det anses inte vara rimligt att återvinna fosfor vid en sådan låg koncentration ut ett ekonomist perspektiv. Askan skickades till Fortum Waste Solutions och Ragn-Sells för återvinning av fosfor, men resultatet redovisas inte i denna rapport på grund av tidsbegränsningen av detta examensarbete. För att öka koncentrationen av fosfor i askan rekommenderas en systeminriktning, till exempel recirkulation av bottenaska i pannan.
8

Studies of the Impregnation Stagein Kraft Pulping of Hardwood

Garemark, Jonas January 2018 (has links)
In kraft pulping, one of the main issues is the extensive wood losses. With increasing prices ofwoody biomass an incentive towards minimizing the wood losses exists. Amongst the variousprocess steps, the impregnation of wood chips has shown to enhance the cooking by providinga homogeneous distribution of chemicals inside the chips. It is proven that a more proficientimpregnation phase can improve the overall yield in kraft pulping. However, there is a lack ofscientific research comparing different impregnation techniques for hardwood. Hence, thisthesis will attempt to clarify the impregnation of hardwood.The impregnation efficiency was studied by comparing three different impregnation methods:High Alkali Impregnation (HAI), Extended Impregnation (EI) using a low alkali level and aReference Impregnation (REF) to enable a comparison to the industrially establishedconditions. The cases were compared by analysing the yield, selectivity and homogeneity. Thecomparison was also made under cooking conditions with the objective to understand theimpact of impregnation on the subsequent cooking phase. The cooking procedure was assessedby analysing the degree of delignification, yield and reject content.In impregnation, most chemical consuming reactions occurred within the first 10-30 minutes,mainly contributed by deacetylation. HAI obtained the fastest homogeneous distribution of OH-(~60 min), but the fastest dissolution of wood. The effect was contributed by the high [OH-],providing fast diffusion of ions and rapid dissolution of xylan. In the contrary, EI attained thehighest impregnation yield after a given impregnation time but required a prolonged durationto obtain a chemical equilibrium between the free and bound liquor (~120 min). REF showeda higher yield than HAI and similar chemical equilibrium as EI. The hydrosulphide sorption inimpregnation was highest for EI due to the high initial sulphidity charge and similar for REFand HAI. For impregnations at 115°C, the HS- sorption was significantly increased for all cases,resulting from delignification. In the subsequent cooking phase, it was prevalent that impregnation of chips under EIconditions were easier delignified, leading to a reduced cooking time to reach the defibrationpoint. Birch was more prone to delignification than eucalyptus. In turn, eucalyptus also obtaineda higher defibration point. Highest total cooking yield at similar kappa numbers was achievedwith REF conditions, followed by HAI and lastly the EI conditions. The high yield of REF incontrast to HAI could be explained by an improved xylan yield due to an alleviated hydroxidelevel. The low yield of EI can be assigned to continues peeling due to the prolongedimpregnation and loss of xylan when removing black liquor after impregnation. In terms ofproduction rate, yield, energy and chemical consumption the REF is the most efficientimpregnation condition for birch kraft cooking in this batchwise laboratory kraft cookingprocedure. / Ett av de största problemen vid massaframställning med sulfatprocessen är de stora förlusterna av råmaterial. Med stigande priser på träbiomassa finns ett incitament att minimeraträförlusterna. Bland de olika processtegen har impregneringen av träflis visat sig förbättrakokningen genom att tillföra en homogen fördelning av kemikalier inuti flisen. Det är bevisatatt en väl genomförd impregneringsfas kan förbättra det totala utbytet vid massakokning. Dockfinns det en brist på vetenskaplig forskning som jämför olika impregneringstekniker för lövved. Därav kommer detta arbete att försöka förtydliga impregneringen av lövved. Impregneringseffektiviteten studerades genom att jämföra tre olika impregneringsmetoder:High Alkali Impregnation (HAI), Extended Impregnation (EI) med låg alkalinivå ochreferensimpregnering (REF) för att möjliggöra en jämförelse med de industriellt etableradeförhållandena. Impregneringsteknikerna jämfördes genom att analysera utbytet, selektivitetenoch homogeniteten. Jämförelsen utfördes även under kokningsförhållanden med målet att förståhur impregneringseffekten påverkar det efterföljande kokningssteget. Kokningen bedömdesgenom att analysera ligninnivån, utbytet och spetinnehållet. Under impregneringsförsöken inträffade de flesta kemikaliekonsumerande reaktionerna inom10–30 minuter, främst bidragen av deacetyleringsreaktioner. HAI erhöll den snabbastehomogena fördelningen av OH- (~ 60 min), dock med konsekvensen att snabbast upplösaträmaterialet. Effekten bidrogs av den höga [OH-], vilket gav snabb diffusion av joner och snabbupplösning av xylan. EI erhöll det högsta impregneringsutbytet efter en given impregneringstidmen krävde en förlängd uppehållstid för att erhålla en kemisk jämvikt mellan den fria ochbundna vätskan (~ 120 min). REF visade ett högre utbyte än HAI och liknande kemisk jämviktsom EI. Sorption av vätesulfidjoner vid impregnering var högst för EI på grund av den högainitiala svavelhalten följt av REF och till sist HAI. För impregnering vid 115°C ökade HSupptagetbetydligt för alla metoder, orsakad av delignifiering.I den efterföljande kokningsfasen var det framträdande att impregneringen av flis under EIförhållandenlättare delignifierades, vilket resulterade i en reducerad kokningstid för att nådefibreringspunkten. Björk var mer benägen att delignifieras än eukalyptus. I sin tur fickeukalyptus även en högre defibreringspunkt. Högsta totala kokningsutbytet vid snarlika kappataluppnåddes med REF-förhållandet, följt av HAI och slutligen EI. Det höga utbytet av REFjämfört med HAI kunde förklaras av ett förbättrat xylanutbyte på grund av den lägrehydroxidnivån. Det lägre utbytet av EI kan förklaras på grund en större utsträckning av peelingreaktionpå grund av den förlängda impregneringen och förlust av xylan vid avlägsnande avsvartlut efter impregneringen. Sammanfattningsvis, i termer av produktionshastighet, utbyte,energi och kemikalieförbruk var REF den mest effektiva impregneringsmetoden vidmassatillverkning av björk i denna studie.
9

Poly(triazine imide) : Growing Larger Crystallites of CrystallineCarbon Nitride and Understanding Their Dissolution

Liljenberg, Marcus January 2018 (has links)
Crystalline carbon nitride has been a hot topic for the last ten years because of reports claiming it could work as a photocatalyst for cheap water splitting, a catalyst for difficult reactions inorganic chemistry and the use as a potential two-dimensional semiconductor.The carbon nitride of interest in this project is poly(triazineimide) (PTI), which has a layered structure similar to graphite. Oneof the goals was to examine the synthesis parameters to try tounderstand what makes these crystallites grow. The material was primarily analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and powder x-ray diffraction. The other goal of this project was to examine the physical properties of dissolved PTI. It is currently not understood how PTI behaves in various solvents. The effect on how the freezing point depression varies in different solvents was, therefore, tested.No strong correlations of how the morphology of the produced PTIdiffered with different synthesis parameters. Freezing point measurements suggest that a solution of PTI follows Raoult's law and can be described as a true solution.
10

Development of a cell cultureplatform in PDMS : Microfluidic systems for in vitro productionof platelets

Nordh, Nicki January 2015 (has links)
To be able to effectively study blood platelets in different environments adevelopment of an in vitro model of a microfluidic system for plateletproduction was started. The purpose of this thesis was to fabricate systemsand then characterize them and visualize the flow. The system consists of twochannels, one in the middle and the other one enclosing it. They are connectedthrough pores where Megakaryocytes can protrude through and produce platelets.The designs were produced in PDMS. This was done by first transfer the designsas structures onto a silicon wafer through UV lithography. The wafer served asa mould for casting PDMS that later was bonded to glass. The systems were thenstudied with three different methods. Computer simulations, flow tests andultimately tests with cells. From the results new designs were made andfabricated. The new designs were then tested the same ways as the first ones.The systems can most probably produce platelets with some optimisation of thetest parameters. No definite results were gathered to prove plateletproduction. Different flow speeds were tested and the flow profile atdifferent flow rates was visualised. The full capability of the new designscould not be fully studied due to unforeseen debris of PDMS clogging thechannels. A few things need to be done to achieve better results and establishfor sure if this method of producing platelets is possible. This thesis is agood ground for future work to stand on.

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