La pomme est l’un des fruits les plus consommés au monde. En utilisant les dernières technologies de séquençage (PacBio) et de cartes optiques (BioNano), nous avons généré un assemblage de novo de haute qualité du génome du pommier (Malus domestica Borkh.). Nous avons réalisé une annotation des gènes et des éléments transposables pour permettre à cet assemblage d’être utilisé en tant que génome de référence. La grande contiguité de l’assemblage a permis de détecter les éléments transposables de façon exhaustive, ce qui fournit une opportunité sans précédents d’étudier les régions non-caractérisées d’un génome d’arbre. Nous avons également trouvé que le génome du pommier est entièrement dupliqué, comme montré par les relations de synthénie entre les chromosomes. En utilisant du Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS) ainsi que l’assemblage précédemment généré, nous avons montré des cartes de méthylation de l’ADN pour tout le génome et montré une corrélation générale entre la méthylation de l’ADN près des gènes et l’expression des gènes. De plus, nous avons identifié plusieurs Régions Différentiellement Méthylées (RDMs) entre les méthylomes de fruits et de feuilles du pommier, associées à des gènes candidats qui pourraient être impliqués dans des traits agronomiques importants tel que le développement du fruit. Enfin, nous avons développé un pipeline rapide, simple et complet qui prend entièrement en charge l’analyse des données WGBS, de l’alignement des reads au calcul des RDMs. / Apple is one of the most consumed fruits in the world. Using the latest sequencing (PacBio) and optical mapping (BioNano) technologies, we have generated a high-quality de novo assembly of the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) genome. We performed a gene annotation as well as a transposable element annotation to allow this assembly to be used as a reference genome. The highcontiguity of the assembly allowed to exhaustively detect the transposable elements, which represented over half the assembly, thus providing an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the uncharacterized regions of a tree genome. We also found that the apple genome is entirely duplicated as showed by the synteny links between chromosomes. Using Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS) and the previously generated assembly, we produced genome-wide DNA methylation maps and showed a general correlation between DNA methylation next to genes and gene expression. Moreover, we identified several Differentially Methylated Regions (DMRs) between apple fruits and leaf methylomes associated to candidate genes that could be involved in agronomically relevant traits such as apple fruit development. Finally, we developped a complete and easyto- use pipeline which aim is to handle the complete treatment of WGBS data, from the reads mapping to the DMRs computing. It can handle datasets having a low number of biological replicates.

During the last decades, mitochondria and their DNA have become a hot topic of research due to their essential roles which are necessary for cells survival and pathology. In this study, multiple methods have been developed to help with the understanding of mitochondrial DNA and its evolution. These methods tackle two essential problems in this area: the accurate annotation of protein-coding genes and mitochondrial genome rearrangements. Mitochondrial genome sequences are published nowadays with increasing pace, which creates the need for accurate and fast annotation tools that do not require manual intervention. In this work, an automated pipeline for fast de-novo annotation of mitochondrial protein-coding genes is implemented. The pipeline includes methods for enhancing multiple sequence alignment, detecting frameshifts and building protein profiles guided by phylogeny. The methods are tested on animal mitogenomes available in RefSeq, the comparison with reference annotations highlights the high quality of the produced annotations. Furthermore, the frameshift method predicted a large number of frameshifts, many of which were unknown. Additionally, an eficient partially-local alignment method to investigate genomic rearrangements in mitochondrial genomes is presented in this study. The method is novel and introduces a partially-local dynamic programming algorithm on three sequences around the breakpoint region. Unlike the existing methods which study the rearrangement at the genes order level, this method allows to investigate the rearrangement on the molecular level with nucleotides precision. The algorithm is tested on both artificial data and real mitochondrial genomic sequences. Surprisingly, a large fraction of rearrangements involve the duplication of local sequences. Since the implemented approach only requires relatively short parts of genomic sequence around a breakpoint, it should be applicable to non-mitochondrial studies as well.

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