There are a growing number of ultra-wideband applications, which involve the radiation or reception of electromagnetic signals over frequency bandwidths ranging from 1.3:1 to over 10:1. In the design of antennas for ultra-wideband systems, many design objectives must be considered, including impedance matching, radiation efficiency, radiation pattern stability, size, and possibly impulse response. Given the very wide bandwidths considered, it can be challenging to meet all objectives simultaneously, and optimization techniques are useful to achieve a reasonable compromise between objectives. In this dissertation, multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization is used to design ultra-wideband antennas for use in wireless communications and low frequency radio astronomy. GA optimization is first applied to the design of ultra-wide bandwidth planar monopole antennas, which exhibit a narrow-band frequency notch in order to mitigate interference with co-located radio systems. The GA optimizer uses a weighted sum cost function related to impedance matching and radiation patterns at frequencies within both the wide operating band and the narrow notch band to improve antenna performance. A two-dimensional matrix chromosome is used in the GA to represent a wide-range on planar element shapes. It is shown that the GA generates antenna designs which exhibit wideband performance equal to traditional band-notched designs, but have improved azimuth plane radiation pattern symmetry, which widens the effective notch bandwidth. Pareto GA optimization is then applied to the design of planar dipole antenna elements operating over a ground plane for use in a low frequency radio telescope array. The objectives considered include Galactic background or "sky noise reception level, and radiation patterns over the operating band of 20 to 80 MHz. It is demonstrated that the Pareto GA approach generates a set of designs, which exhibit a wide range of trade-offs between the two design objectives, and satisfy all applied geometrical constraints. Multiple GA executions are performed to determine how antenna performance trade-offs are affected by different geometrical constraint values, feed impedance values, radiating element shapes and orientations, and ground conditions. In a follow-up to the previous study, the effects of mutual coupling in a low frequency radio telescope array are considered. It is first shown that a simple receive-based definition of coupling between two antennas can be used to design antenna elements which exhibit reduced mutual coupling effects when operated in a large phased array. This result is utilized in order to perform Pareto GA optimization of wire frame bow-tie dipole elements in terms of mutual coupling, as well as sky noise response and radiation patterns over the 20 to 80 MHz band. The GA generates a set of designs that span a wide range of objective values. The results are analyzed to understand the trade-offs that may be made between the three objectives. / text

M. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / This study is dedicated to the investigation of different methodologies used to determine the location of a beacon type active radio frequency identification device (RFID). Also included in the study is the hardware implementation of a system based on the angle of arrival location method, which makes use of array theory and angle of arrival techniques to identify the angle of the impinging tag transmission. In order to address the complex issues of array theory and linear array structures, a large part of the study is devoted to antennae, antenna arrays and the radiation patterns regarding the latter.

Σκοπός αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη, σχεδίαση και εξομοίωση τυπωμένων υπερευρυζωνικών κεραιών, κατάλληλων για χρήση σε ασύρματα δίκτυα προσωπικού χώρου. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, ορίζονται βασικές έννοιες της θεωρίας κεραιών που είναι απαραίτητες για την κατανόηση των κεφαλαίων που ακολουθούν. Επιπλέον, γίνεται μια μικρή αναφορά στο πρόγραμμα ADS Momentum που χρησιμοποιήσαμε κατά την εξομοίωση των κεραιών. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά, η ιστορική εξέλιξη, τα πλεονεκτήματα καθώς και οι σημαντικότερες εφαρμογές της υπερευρυζωνικής τεχνολογίας Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, περιγράφονται οι επιθυμητές ιδιότητες των υπερευρυζωνικών κεραιών, κάποιες τεχνικές επίτευξης προσαρμογής σε μεγαλύτερο εύρος συχνοτήτων και παράμετροι βέλτιστου σχεδιασμού των στοιχείων. Εν συνεχεία, γίνεται αναφορά σε όλες τις κατηγορίες υπερευρυζωνικών κεραιών και τέλος παρατίθενται παραδείγματα για κάθε μία από τις τρεις κατηγορίες τυπωμένων κεραιών που θα εξετάσουμε. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, μελετώνται οι μονοπολικές τυπωμένες υπερευρυζωνικές κεραίες. Για τον σκοπό αυτό σχεδιάστηκαν και εξομοιώθηκαν δύο μονοπολικές κεραίες κυκλικού δίσκου τροφοδοτούμενες, η πρώτη από μικροταινιακή γραμμή και η δεύτερη από ομοεπίπεδο κυματοδηγό. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, μελετώνται οι διπολικές τυπωμένες υπερευρυζωνικές κεραίες. Για τον σκοπό αυτό σχεδιάστηκε και εξομοιώθηκε η δίπλευρη τυπωμένη κεραία παπιγιόν αλλά και η τυπωμένη ελλειπτική διπολική κεραία. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο, μελετώνται οι τυπωμένες κεραίες σχισμής. Για τον σκοπό αυτό σχεδιάστηκαν και εξομοιώθηκαν δύο ελλειπτικές κεραίες σχισμής τροφοδοτούμενες η πρώτη από μικροταινιακή γραμμή και η δεύτερη από ομοεπίπεδο κυματοδηγό. Επιπλέον οι γραμμές μεταφοράς των κεραιών καταλήγουν σε stub διαφορετικού σχήματος. Στο έβδομο, τέλος, κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια συνοπτική παρουσίαση των αποτελεσμάτων, ενώ παρατίθενται συμπεράσματα και προτάσεις για μελλοντική ενασχόληση πάνω στο θέμα των τυπωμένων υπερευρυζωνικών κεραιών. / The present diploma thesis will focus on the study, design and simulation of printed Ultrawideband antennas. These antennas are suitable for high data rate wireless personal area networks. The first chapter includes key definitions of antenna theory. Moreover, the program ADS Momentum that was used during the simulations is presented. In the second chapter, we present the key attributes, the advancement, the advantages and the most crucial applications of UWB technology. The third chapter depicts the desirable attributes of UWB antennas. In addition, some common matching, and element design techniques are presented. Furthermore, Ultrawideband antenna categories are introduced. Finally, some interesting examples of printed Ultrawideband antennas are mentioned. In the fourth chapter, printed UWB monopole antennas are being studied. For this purpose two printed circular disc monopole antennas were designed and simulated. The former fed by a microstrip line and the latter by a coplanar waveguide. In the fifth chapter, printed UWB dipole antennas are being studied. A double sided printed bow tie antenna and an elliptical dipole antenna were designed and simulated. In the sixth chapter, printed UWB slot antennas are being studied. For this purpose two printed elliptical slot antennas were designed and simulated. The former fed by a microstrip line and the latter by a coplanar waveguide. Finally, the seventh chapter includes a comparison of the simulated antennas along with conclusions and proposed future work.

No description available.

With the rapid adoption and development of new standards, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is becoming a necessity in current wireless systems. One problem posed by using multiple antennas at a transmitter or receiver is the undesirable effect of signal correlation between closely-spaced radiating elements. This thesis presents the concept, design, and evaluation of a hemispherical lens antenna for use in MIMO systems. A high-permittivity dielectric material allows radiating elements to be placed in close proximity with reduced spatial correlation effects. An intermediate matching layer and a hemispherical lens design facilitate the preservation of the pattern characteristics in the transition between the dielectric and free-space. The antenna was simulated against benchmark antenna arrays in free-space and showed a 35%-70% improvement in channel capacity in multipath-rich environments, showing strength as a candidate for further development in MIMO applications.

No description available.

With the rapid adoption and development of new standards, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is becoming a necessity in current wireless systems. One problem posed by using multiple antennas at a transmitter or receiver is the undesirable effect of signal correlation between closely-spaced radiating elements. This thesis presents the concept, design, and evaluation of a hemispherical lens antenna for use in MIMO systems. A high-permittivity dielectric material allows radiating elements to be placed in close proximity with reduced spatial correlation effects. An intermediate matching layer and a hemispherical lens design facilitate the preservation of the pattern characteristics in the transition between the dielectric and free-space. The antenna was simulated against benchmark antenna arrays in free-space and showed a 35%-70% improvement in channel capacity in multipath-rich environments, showing strength as a candidate for further development in MIMO applications.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.