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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The structural and elemental composition of inhaled particles in ancient Egyptian mummified lungs

Montgomerie, Roger January 2013 (has links)
Since the first modern investigations into Egyptian mummies in the 1970s, anthracosis and silicosis have regularly been found in mummified lungs (Tapp, 1975; Walker et al, 1987). Anthracosis, lung irritation caused by carbon particles, is well researched in modern populations but very little is known about the disease in ancient times. Similarly, little is known about the prevalence of silicosis, caused by the inhalation of particles of silicon, in ancient times. It has been assumed that carbon was inhaled through the combustion of fuel for cooking and illumination whilst silicon came from the desert environment.This study aims to test these assumptions by characterising the shape, size and elemental composition of the organic and inorganic particles contained within ancient lung tissue. When these particles are compared against surrogate carbon and silicon particles, it may be possible to identify them and reveal their aetiology.Surrogate carbon particles were produced through controlled combustion of fuels the ancient Egyptians are likely to have used. The modern silica containing sand was collected from various archaeological sites in Egypt. A sonication method was used to extract particles from ancient tissue. After extraction, individual ancient particles were isolated and examined for size and shape analysis using light microscopy. The surrogate particles were examined in the same manner. The particles were then imaged using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and elemental profiles determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Bulk analysis by mass spectrometry was then employed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the elements contained within ancient lung particles and the modern surrogates. Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) was used to map the deposition and elemental composition of inorganic compounds in sections of ancient lung. Further information on the bonds and chain length of soots were obtained through FTIR and Raman spectroscopy.Results have shown the presence of anthracosis and birefringent particles in all ancient lung tissues examined by this study. Both organic and inorganic ancient particles have been found to be respirable (ie, less than 10 microns in diameter) and were present in the lung pre-mortem. EDX and ICP-MS results show the inorganic particles to consist of aluminium silicates (sand) and calcium carbonate (limestone). FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were not accurate enough to detect the ancient or surrogate soot bonds and were not suited to this study.
2

Material particulado de carbono nos compartimentos de tecidos de macrófagos alveolares e de superfície pulmonar de residentes de São Paulo, Brasil / Carbonaceous particulate matter in the alveolar macrophage and lung surface tissue compartments of residents from São Paulo, Brazil

Padovan, Michele Galhardoni 10 March 2017 (has links)
Introdução Os fumantes inalam grandes quantidades de partículas de carbono, o que pode contribuir para efeitos adversos pulmonares e sistêmicos. É sabido que os macrófagos alveolares (MA) desempenham um papel extremamente importante no reconhecimento e processamento de qualquer material estranho inalado e são as células predominantes que processam e removem partículas inaladas. Existe também a deposição superficial a longo prazo do carbono observado nos pulmões de fumantes em autópsias. Atualmente, a distribuição e retenção de partículas de fumo derivadas de cigarros quando a pessoa também está exposta a níveis elevados de poluição do ar ainda não é clara. Portanto, procurou-se avaliar a carga de carbono nos MA e a deposição de superfície pulmonar em uma população exposta a alta poluição atmosférica (São Paulo), tanto em fumantes como não-fumantes. Métodos Uma coorte de 72 sujeitos post mortem foi obtida do Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital da Universidade de São Paulo (SVOC). As imagens das superfícies pulmonares foram obtidas sob condições padrão e pequenos fragmentos de tecido pulmonar foram coletados para análise de macrófagos usando a técnica de esfregaço. A superfície total de negro de carbono foi analisada utilizando o programa Imagem J (National Institute of Health, MD, EUA), teste cego ao fumo. A absorção interna de carbono nos MA foi medida utilizando o programa Image Pro Plus (The Proven Solution, Media Cybernetics Inc., EUA). A aprovação ética foi obtida. A média de negro de carbono de macrófagos tanto em fumantes como em não-fumantes foi analisada utilizando teste de Mann Whitney e expressa como intervalo interquartil (IQR). Resultados Os fumantes têm um nível significativamente mais elevado de negro de carbono nos macrófagos alveolares (103.4 (IQR 29.44 to 226.3) vs. 9.27 (IQR 3.1 to 85.13) um2, P < 0.001)103.4um2. Não houve diferença significativa entre a área média de deposição superficial de carbono nos pulmões de fumantes e não fumantes de 6, 74 cm2 (IQR 3, 47 a 10, 02) versus 5, 20 cm2 (IQR 2, 29 a 7, 54) P=NS. Conclusão O teor de carbono nos MA é claramente muito maior nos fumantes do que os nãofumantes. No entanto, a análise da superfície pulmonar não mostrou diferença significativa. Isso pode indicar que, em uma área de alta poluição do ar, o principal fator que contribui para a deposição de carbono no pulmão a longo prazo é a exposição à poluição com efeitos limitados da exposição à fumaça de cigarro. O preto de carbono nos MA ainda aparece significativamente influenciado pela exposição à fumaça de cigarro / Rationale Smokers inhale large amounts of carbonaceous particulate matter, which may contribute to pulmonary and systemic adverse effects. It is clear that alveolar macrophages (AM) play a critically important role in the recognition and processing of any inhaled foreign material and are the predominant cells that process and remove inhaled particulate matter from the lung. There is also long-term surface deposition of carbon seen in the lungs of smokers at post-mortem. At present the distribution and retention of cigarette smoke-derived particulate matter when the person is also exposed to high levels of background air pollution is unclear. Therefore we sought to assess both AM carbon loading and lung surface deposition in a population exposed to high background air pollution (São Paulo) in both smokers and non-smokers. Methods A cohort of 72 post-mortem subjects was obtained from São Paulo Autopsy Centre (SVOC). Images of lung surfaces were obtained under standard conditions and small fragments of lung tissue were collected for macrophage analysis using smear technique. The total surface black carbon was analysed using Image J (National Institute of Health, MD, USA), blinded to smoking status. Internal AM carbon uptake was measured using Image Pro Plus (The Proven Solution, Media Cybernetics Inc., USA). Ethical approval was obtained. Mean macrophage black carbon in both smokers and non-smokers was analysed using Mann Whitney and expressed as median (IQR). Results Smokers have a significantly higher level of mean macrophage black carbon (103.4 (IQR 29.44 to 226.3) vs. 9.27 (IQR 3.1 to 85.13) um2, P < 0.001)103.4um2. There was no significant difference between the mean area of surface deposition of carbon in the lungs of smokers and non-smokers 6.74 cm2 (IQR 3.47 to 10.02) versus 5.20cm2 (IQR 2.29 to 7.54) P=NS. Conclusion AM carbon content is clearly much higher in the smokers than the non-smokers. However the lung surface analysis showed no significant difference. This could indicate that in an area of high air pollution the main contributing factor to long term lung carbon deposition is pollution exposure with limited effects from cigarette smoke exposure. AM black carbon still appears significantly influenced by cigarette smoke exposure
3

Material particulado de carbono nos compartimentos de tecidos de macrófagos alveolares e de superfície pulmonar de residentes de São Paulo, Brasil / Carbonaceous particulate matter in the alveolar macrophage and lung surface tissue compartments of residents from São Paulo, Brazil

Michele Galhardoni Padovan 10 March 2017 (has links)
Introdução Os fumantes inalam grandes quantidades de partículas de carbono, o que pode contribuir para efeitos adversos pulmonares e sistêmicos. É sabido que os macrófagos alveolares (MA) desempenham um papel extremamente importante no reconhecimento e processamento de qualquer material estranho inalado e são as células predominantes que processam e removem partículas inaladas. Existe também a deposição superficial a longo prazo do carbono observado nos pulmões de fumantes em autópsias. Atualmente, a distribuição e retenção de partículas de fumo derivadas de cigarros quando a pessoa também está exposta a níveis elevados de poluição do ar ainda não é clara. Portanto, procurou-se avaliar a carga de carbono nos MA e a deposição de superfície pulmonar em uma população exposta a alta poluição atmosférica (São Paulo), tanto em fumantes como não-fumantes. Métodos Uma coorte de 72 sujeitos post mortem foi obtida do Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital da Universidade de São Paulo (SVOC). As imagens das superfícies pulmonares foram obtidas sob condições padrão e pequenos fragmentos de tecido pulmonar foram coletados para análise de macrófagos usando a técnica de esfregaço. A superfície total de negro de carbono foi analisada utilizando o programa Imagem J (National Institute of Health, MD, EUA), teste cego ao fumo. A absorção interna de carbono nos MA foi medida utilizando o programa Image Pro Plus (The Proven Solution, Media Cybernetics Inc., EUA). A aprovação ética foi obtida. A média de negro de carbono de macrófagos tanto em fumantes como em não-fumantes foi analisada utilizando teste de Mann Whitney e expressa como intervalo interquartil (IQR). Resultados Os fumantes têm um nível significativamente mais elevado de negro de carbono nos macrófagos alveolares (103.4 (IQR 29.44 to 226.3) vs. 9.27 (IQR 3.1 to 85.13) um2, P < 0.001)103.4um2. Não houve diferença significativa entre a área média de deposição superficial de carbono nos pulmões de fumantes e não fumantes de 6, 74 cm2 (IQR 3, 47 a 10, 02) versus 5, 20 cm2 (IQR 2, 29 a 7, 54) P=NS. Conclusão O teor de carbono nos MA é claramente muito maior nos fumantes do que os nãofumantes. No entanto, a análise da superfície pulmonar não mostrou diferença significativa. Isso pode indicar que, em uma área de alta poluição do ar, o principal fator que contribui para a deposição de carbono no pulmão a longo prazo é a exposição à poluição com efeitos limitados da exposição à fumaça de cigarro. O preto de carbono nos MA ainda aparece significativamente influenciado pela exposição à fumaça de cigarro / Rationale Smokers inhale large amounts of carbonaceous particulate matter, which may contribute to pulmonary and systemic adverse effects. It is clear that alveolar macrophages (AM) play a critically important role in the recognition and processing of any inhaled foreign material and are the predominant cells that process and remove inhaled particulate matter from the lung. There is also long-term surface deposition of carbon seen in the lungs of smokers at post-mortem. At present the distribution and retention of cigarette smoke-derived particulate matter when the person is also exposed to high levels of background air pollution is unclear. Therefore we sought to assess both AM carbon loading and lung surface deposition in a population exposed to high background air pollution (São Paulo) in both smokers and non-smokers. Methods A cohort of 72 post-mortem subjects was obtained from São Paulo Autopsy Centre (SVOC). Images of lung surfaces were obtained under standard conditions and small fragments of lung tissue were collected for macrophage analysis using smear technique. The total surface black carbon was analysed using Image J (National Institute of Health, MD, USA), blinded to smoking status. Internal AM carbon uptake was measured using Image Pro Plus (The Proven Solution, Media Cybernetics Inc., USA). Ethical approval was obtained. Mean macrophage black carbon in both smokers and non-smokers was analysed using Mann Whitney and expressed as median (IQR). Results Smokers have a significantly higher level of mean macrophage black carbon (103.4 (IQR 29.44 to 226.3) vs. 9.27 (IQR 3.1 to 85.13) um2, P < 0.001)103.4um2. There was no significant difference between the mean area of surface deposition of carbon in the lungs of smokers and non-smokers 6.74 cm2 (IQR 3.47 to 10.02) versus 5.20cm2 (IQR 2.29 to 7.54) P=NS. Conclusion AM carbon content is clearly much higher in the smokers than the non-smokers. However the lung surface analysis showed no significant difference. This could indicate that in an area of high air pollution the main contributing factor to long term lung carbon deposition is pollution exposure with limited effects from cigarette smoke exposure. AM black carbon still appears significantly influenced by cigarette smoke exposure

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